General Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Rationalism
A
- innate knowledge
- reason is source of knowledge
- deductive reasoning
- main applications: mathematics, logic
- Plato, Descartes, Leibniz
2
Q
Empiricism (opposite of rationalism)
A
- no innate knowledge
- perception as source of knowledge
- research methods: observation, experimentation, inductive reasoning
- main applications: natural sciences
- natural philosophers
- Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Aristotle
3
Q
Idealism
A
- knowledge is a construction of mind
- does not necessarily correspond to an outside world
- world exists solely in the minds of people
- ultimate truth relies on consistency of ideas
- has Ringe coherent with knowledge in social groups
- Plato, Socratic method
- Berkeley
- > experience is all there is
4
Q
Realism
A
- only reality is the material world
- study of outer world is only reliable truth
- Aristotle
5
Q
Positivism
A
- authentic knowledge can only be obtained by means of scientific method
- religion and philosophy as inferior forms of an explanation
- science as core to progress
- Comte
6
Q
Materialism
A
- what we call neuroscience today
- facts of universe can be explained in physical terms by the existence of nature of matter
- Problem of being an atheist
- one substance only
Old style materialism: man a machine , no soul, matter has a mind-like characteristic
7
Q
Interactionsim
A
- before Descartes:
- interaction flows in one direction -> mind has big influence on body
- Descartes:
- mutual interaction between body and mind
8
Q
Dualism
A
- mind is immaterial and independent of body
- Cartesian dualism
- brain and mental states are different substances
9
Q
Functionalism
A
- approach that examined practical functions of the human mind inspired by the evolutionary theory
- James
10
Q
Structuralism
A
- trying to discover the structure of the human mind by means of instrospection
- Titchener
11
Q
Determinism
A
-acts are determined by past events
12
Q
Reductionism
A
- explains phenomena on one level (like complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (like simple ideas)
- reducing things to its simples parts (molecules or atoms)
13
Q
Associationism
A
-theory that all mental activity is based on connections between basic mental events, such as sensations and feelings
14
Q
Mentalism
A
- all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena
- depends on person perceiving
- subjective
- does not mirror external world
15
Q
Uniformitarianism
A
- assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in our present-day scientific observations have always operated in the universe in past and apply everywhere in the universe
- no god given direction or process
16
Q
Parallelism
A
- Leibniz (1646-1716)
- body and mind are independent from each other
- God creates two chains of events occurring simultaneously
- no interaction, still always five exactly same time
17
Q
Epiphenomenalism
A
- view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain but have no effect on any physical events
- bath Tab problem
18
Q
Mysterianism
A
-we do not understand relation and we never will
19
Q
neutral monism
A
- mental and physical are two ways of organizing or describing the Same elements which are themselves neutral (neither physical or mental)
- universe consist of only one kind of stuff
20
Q
Idealism = Mentalism = immaterialism
A
- maintains that the mind is all that exists
- the only existence substance is mental
- the external world is either mental itself or an illusion created by the mind
- > problem of interaction between body and mind is not a problem at all
- Kant, Berkeley
