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History > Task 4 - evolutionary Theory > Flashcards

Task 4 - evolutionary Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Darwin - medical school Edinburgh

A
  • got introduced to geology, history of earth and fossils

-

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2
Q

Darwin - college Cambridge

A
  • courses of Mathematics, classics, theology

- botany lectures! ( from Henslow)

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3
Q

Main findings - Darwins voyage

A

1) fossils in Patagonia
2) Geographical distribution patterns of South American rhea
3) animal life of Galapagos

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4
Q

Charles Lyell

A
  • reaction of biblical authority as source of geological explanation
  • earths surface shows no evidence of stages
  • constant changes
  • earth had no beginning/ending

-> inspired Darwin: he believed in the power of small and gradual changes

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5
Q

3 main parts in Darwins theory

A

1) Inheritance -> gleicher vorfahre
2) variation
3) Selection -> link between new variations and chances to survive (zufällig)
- > SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

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6
Q

Gaps in Darwins theory

A
  • wasn’t understood what origin of life was

- no idea how variations in characteristics were passed down to generations

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7
Q

Reactions to evolutionary theory

A
  • many accepted evolution but not mechanisms he proposed
  • speculation about duration of natural selection & time necessary for species to change
  • basis for social Darwinism
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8
Q

Evidence for evolution - then

A
  • diversity of living things
  • variation within single species
  • appearance and disappearance of species
  • comparing fossils!
  • comparing embryos
  • distribution of species in many lands
  • variations in species dependent on how long they were separated
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9
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

-new species due to long-term physical separation

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10
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

-same geographic region

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11
Q

Darwins role in Psychology

A
  • stated that humans & animals have a lot in common -> comparative psychology
  • lead to research in individual differences
  • evolutionary psychology informs all fields of psychology
  • breaks down barriers between traditional sub disciples of psychology
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12
Q

Eugenics (positive, negative)

A
  • set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of human population
  • negative eugenic: discourage reproduction by those with undesirable traits
  • positive eugenics: encourage reproduction by those with desirable traits

-controlling reproduction

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13
Q

Social Darwinism

A
  • Darwins theory used to justify certain political, social and economic views
  • emerged in America, mid 1940s
  • used to justify Laisser-faire behavior at home & colonalisation in rets of world
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14
Q

Misunderstandings with Evolutionary theory

A

1) There is NO DIRECTION in genetic changes
- > genetic material has no knowledge of the environment, cannot change in desirable direction

2) Organisms do NOT become BETTER or stronger

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15
Q

Francis Galton ( 1822-1911)

A
  • influenced by Darwin
  • searched to find evidence for inheritance of features -> especially mental qualities
  • founder of modern eugenics
  • wanted to show heredity of intelligences -> basis for intelligence tests
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16
Q

Lamarck (1744-1829)

A
  • organisms acquire new characteristics as a result of active adaptation to their environment
  • minimized role of selection
  • new variations come to existence because organism are ACTIVELY and PURPOSEFULLY striving to better themselves
  • > then pass characteristics down to next generation

-theory of use and disuse

17
Q

Herbert Spencer (1820-) not complete yet!

A

-Neo-Lamarckian
-prefers theory of Lamarck
- survival of the fittest -> Darwin borrowed this term
-

18
Q

Jenkins Dilution problem

A
  • when organism with new feature is placed among group
  • > new feature will not expand but dilute in pool of preexisting features

Darwins response:
->evolution only possible when change in environment favores a whole group at the same time

19
Q

James McKeen Castell (1860-1944)

A
  • American psychologist
  • first professor of psychology in the US
  • psychology was regarded as lessers science/pseudoscience
  • helped establishing psychology as a legitimate science
  • visited Germany, met Wilhelm Wundt -> assistant of him
  • role in introducing experimental technique and importance of methodology in America
  • research on intelligence
  • founded several major psychology journals
20
Q

James McKeen Cattell - Connection Darwin

A
  • believed in eugenics
  • inspired by Darwin to study the psychology of individual differences
  • he encountered that men of science were likely to have fathers who were clergymen or professors
  • inherited ability but environment also plays an important role in development
21
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • inspired Darwin
  • food increases linearly
  • population exponentially
  • > more children than can survive -> selection

History (10 decks)

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