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Psychopathology > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What criteria do you have to fulfill in order to have a psychosis?

A

You have to be unable to tell reality from hallucinations/delusions/illusions.

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2
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized thought and/or speech
  4. Disorganized or abnormal behavior
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3
Q

What is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A

When something gets “taken away” rather than added:

  • Flattened affect
  • Anhedonia
  • Avolition
  • Asociality
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4
Q

Out of the 5 symptoms of schizophrenia, how many have to be present for a diagnosis?

A

2

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5
Q

What is a delusion of reference?

A

Belief that everyday things or events have a special significance to yourself or convey some sort of message.

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6
Q

Amy believes that her roommate is planning on getting her out the house using threats. What kind of delusion does she have?

A

Persecutory

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7
Q

What is the difference between the delusion of thought broadcasting versus the delusion of thought withdrawal.

A

In thought broadcasting, your thoughts are openly visible to the public, whereas in thought withdrawal, a single other actively extracts thoughts from your mind.

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8
Q

What can be said about the delusion someone from Brazil has versus the ones someone living in the UK might have.

A

The content may differ according to the culture.

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9
Q

Are hallucinations present only in clinical cases?

A

No, about 15% of healthy individuals experience some sort of hallucination once a while.

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10
Q

What do we call it, when someone tends to slip between topics when talking?

A

Derailment

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11
Q

Sometimes, schizophrenic people say words that make sense only to them. What are these words called?

A

Neologisms

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12
Q

What physiological difference between the genders might contribute to the fact that women suffer less from speech problems in schizophrenia?

A

In women, the speech centrum in the brain is more bilateral with one side being able to take over for the other.

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13
Q

What is an umbrella term for speech problems?

A

Formal Thought Disorder

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14
Q

What kind of symptoms fall under the category of disorganized behaviors?

A
  • Catatonia
  • Motor agitation
  • Mutism
  • Catatonic Excitement
  • Negativism
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15
Q

What is meant with Catatonic Excitement?

A

Motor activity without any objective reason or goal/function.

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16
Q

What do we call it when someone shows no response to instructions?

A

Negativism

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17
Q

What is mutism?

A

Doing inappropriate postures or gestures

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18
Q

What is avolition?

A

Inability to initiate or persist at common goal-directed activities (like getting dressed)

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19
Q

What might be a confounding factor in the finding that schizophrenic patients exhibit anhedonia?

A
  • Comorbidity with Depression
  • Patients’ inability to fill in self-report forms
  • Patients’ inability to overtly show positive emotions
20
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?

A

0,5 - 2%

21
Q

If a schizophrenia patient has been hospitalized because of the disorder, what does this say about the future?

A

There is a 50 - 80% chance they will be hospitalized again.

22
Q

What is a major cause of death in schizophrenic patients?

A

Suicide - 10 - 15% kill themselves

23
Q

How many of the patients of schizophrenia tend to recover?

A

41%

24
Q

The onset for schizophrenia is often earlier in men. What consequences does this have?

A

As men’s brains develop later, the earlier onset is even more damaging for their healthy brain development.

25
Q

What might be a confounding factor in studying heritability of schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenic parents might not be able to provide a healthy upbringing to the children, which indirectly results in higher levels of psychosis.

26
Q

What kind of disease is schizophrenia neurologically?

A

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

27
Q

What are main brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients?

A
  • Reduced cortical gray matter
  • Abnormal Hippocampal activation
  • abnormalities in the PFC
  • Enlarged Ventricles
28
Q

What is a structural abnormality in the brain that is often an early sign for schizophrenia?

A

Abnormalities in white matter structures

29
Q

What is the content of the original dopamine theory and why was it abolished?

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia can be caused by excess dopamine

-> Proved too simple

30
Q

How did the revised dopamine theory build on the original one?

A

It stated, that excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway and low levels in the PFC are contributing factors to schizophrenia.

31
Q

Why might serotonin receptors be involved in schizophrenia?

A

Because Serotonin neurons regulate the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic pathway

32
Q

What are points of criticism against the use of typical antipsychotics?

A
  • Around 25% of patients don’t respond to the drugs
  • negative symptoms are left untreated
  • high relapse rate after treatment
  • severe side effects including tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of facial muscles, which is irreversible)
33
Q

What kind of drug is Clozapine (Clorazil)?

A

Atypical Antipsychotic

34
Q

What are advantages of atypical antipsychotics over typical ones?

A
  • They reduce negative symptoms as well as positive

- Side effects are present but do not include tardive dyskinesia

35
Q

What are central aspects in each of the treatment paradigms: Cognitive, Behavioral, Social?

A

Cognitive: Recognize and change demoralizing attitudes

Behavioral: Social learning and operant conditioning

Social: Increasing contact between patients and other people

36
Q

Why might family treatments be a good option for schizophrenic patients?

A
  • Families have to be taught how to deal with the disordered family member in order to improve his chances
  • The family can help maintain a drug or other therapy
37
Q

Schizophrenic patients tend to use a number of cognitive biases. What are they?

A
  • Jumping to conclusions
  • Maladaptive Attributional Style
  • Metamemory
  • Bias against disconfirming evidence
  • TOM deficits
38
Q

Why is a maladaptive attributional style related to schizophrenia?

A
  • Patients often cast blame for events onto specific other people, rather than objectively evaluating the event
39
Q

What character trait that many schizophrenic people have contributes to their maladaptive attributional style?

A

Low self-esteem

40
Q

What is metamemory?

A
  • Overgeneralized Memories
41
Q

What is a strength of MCT (Metacognitive Training)?

A

It helps reduce cognitive biases

42
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder can be seen as a mixture of which two kinds of disorders?

A

Schizophrenia and a Mood Disorder

43
Q

What is special about Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

Patients exhibit a lifelong pattern of oddities, but have a grasp on reality.

44
Q

When comparing auditory hallucinations of healthy and schizophrenic people, what did Daalman et al. find?

A
  • The number, loudness, identity and location of hallucinations were not different between the subject groups.
  • The main difference lays in the frequency, the control over them, and the emotionality of the content.
  • In healthy subjects, the onset for hallucinations was found to be earlier.
  • Explaining the hallucinations in a supernatural way was actually more common among healthy participants.
45
Q

Which finding of the frontal lobe model of schizophrenia was found to be incorrect?

A

Hypofrontality

Psychopathology (10 decks)

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