Task 1

Question 1

Who is more likely to develop ADHD? Girls or Boys?

Answer 1

Boys

Question 2

ADHD patients show abnormalities in which brain regions?

Answer 2

PFC, Striatum, Cerebellum

Question 3

Which neurotransmitters play a role in ADHD?

Answer 3

Norepinephrine, Serotonin

Question 4

What is the approximate heritability of ADHD?

Answer 4

0.76

Question 5

Next to genetics, what can be another physiological cause of ADHD?

Answer 5

complications during pregnancy or birth

Question 6

Training which cognitive skill can lead to a reduction of ADHD symptoms? Which experiment showed this?

Answer 6

Working memory

Klingberg - Computerized Training of Working Memory

Question 7

A study by De Zeeuw found that deficits in three pathways can lead to ADHD symptoms. Which are these and what function do they have?

Answer 7

Dorsal Frontostriatal Pathway
-> Cognitive Control 
Ventral Frontostriatal Pathway
-> Reward Processing
Frontocerebellar
-> Temporal Processing

Question 8

De Zeeuw found a fourth domain, that could cause ADHD symptoms. What is this?

Answer 8

Vigilance

This fourth domain explained a lot of the variation and has something to do with attention.

Question 9

Do people with ADHD have lower IQs?

Answer 9

No, not necessarily, although it could occur due to comorbid phenomena.

Question 10

What does the dual pathway model of ADHD state?

Answer 10

ADHD is characterized by the combined outcome of hyperactivity and inattention

• Pathway 1: Regulation
• Pathway 2: Motivational Aspects

Question 11

According to the triple pathway model, what needs to be added to the dual pathway model?

Answer 11

A dysfunction of a pathway involved in Temporal Processing.