Task 8 Flashcards
What is automation?
device or system that accomplishes (partially or fully) a function that was previously carried out (partially or fully) by a human operator
-> can have multiple levels, across a continuum (1: human = 99%, 10: human = 1% )
four-stage model of view of human information processing
used to propose a structured that is useful in practice and has its equivalent in system functions
-> automation can occur for each stage
- sensory processing
= information acquisition - perception/ working memory
= information analysis - decision making
= decision making - action implementation
= response selection
What happens in the automation of the four stage model:
-> acquisition automation
- applies to: sensing and registrating of input data
- lowest: strategies for mechanically moving sensors in order to scan and observe (radars used in ATC)
- moderate: organisation of incoming information to some sort of criteria (= priority list) (electronic flight strips listing priorities)
- highest: certain items of information are exclusively selected and brought to operator´s attention
What happens in the automation of the four stage model:
analysis automation
- applies to: cognitive dunctions (working memory) and inferential processes
- low: Prediction (future flight path)
- moderate: integration = several input is combined to a single value (approach path of one aircraft on a display as aid for air-traffic controllers)
- high: information managers
What happens in the automation of the four stage model:
decision automation
- applies to: selection from among decison alternatives
- automation = continuum that progresses from systems that recommend courses of action to those that execute those actions
What happens in the automation of the four stage model:
action automation
- applies to: actual execution of action choice
- includes different levels of machine execution in the choice of action, replacing the hand/voice of a human
- amount of manual vs. automatic activity (different levels)
- agents = track user interactions with computer
What happens in the automation of the four stage model
adaptive automation (= across all)
- levels of automation across all these stages don´t have to be fixed
- context-dependent automation = adaptive automation
- level of automation depends on situation/ demands
What are primary evaluative criteria on the framework of automation design?
= human performance consequences
(+) mental workload
(-) clumsy automation
(+/-) sutaution awareness
(-) complacency
(-) skill degradation
What are secondary evaluative criteria?
- automation reliability
> benefits on mental workload and situational awareness are not likely to hold if automation is unreliable
> important determinant of human use of automated systems
> high influence on human trust
> more likely when operator has access to raw data - costs on decision/ action outcome
> high level automation when time critical (= justified)
> high level automation when high risk (= justified)
what are accidents?
imply that there is something accidental in their occurence
-> arouse as the result of bad luck
risk-homeostasis theory
suggests that people act in order to maintain a certain levle of risk at all time
-> in times of medium to low risk, individuals will tolerate higher levels of danger
eg: when cars have more safety features, people drive riskier
What is human error?
-> always unintentional
- slips, lapses, mistakes
- generic error modelling systems (GEMS)
- errors of omission + commission
- human machine interactions
What are dynamics of the accident causation model?
- A number of latent and active failures come together to produce an “impossible accident”
- The elimination of any one of these failure chains would have deflected the sequence of events leading to accident
What is “slips, lapses, mistakes”?
Takes into account planning, intention, execution errors
1. Execution failures (slips/lapses)
> actions deviate from the current intention bc of the execution
> intention is correct
> eg. commission error=slip
2. Planning failures (mistakes)
> run according to plan but the plans are incorrect for achieving the goal
> Task fails to be correctly executed because the intention is incorrect
> eg. driving down a one-way street
What is the generic error modelling system (GEMS) ?
- skill-based slips/ lapes
usually precede detection of the problem and are mainly associated with monitoring failures - occurs within automatic behaviour (stift - rule based mistakes
occurs when rules govern procedures, and the rules are not/mis-applied (grammatical errors) - knowledge based mistakes
when the person has to make a conscious and serious effort to solve a problem that may be unfamiliar and unanticipated (biases)
