Task 6

Question 1

Are spouses similar in personality?

Answer 1

Yes, 0.00-.25

Question 2

What is marital satisfaction related to?

Answer 2

Own individuals level of Agreeableness and Emotional Stability factor (.30-.40)
The others Openness to Experience factor

Question 3

What is Anxious attachment and to what personality traits is it related?

Answer 3

the tendency to worry about the loss of a partners’ love.

Associated with low Emotional Stability and roughly with low Conscientiousness

Question 4

What is Avoidant attachment and to what personality traits is it related?

Answer 4

the tendency to feel uncomfortable being emotionally close to one’s partner
Only weakly related to the Big Five, modestly associated with low Extraversion and low Conscientiousness

Question 5

Are friends similar in personality?

Answer 5

Friends are neither similar nor opposite in personality, but for the traits Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience, there is some tendency for friends to be similar to each other

Question 6

What indicates success or failure in social relationships?

Answer 6

Sociability and Aggression levels

Question 7

What personality traits might influence start of substance abuse and success in quitting?

Answer 7

Research suggests that high levels of self-control (associated with Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability) may contribute to success in quitting smoking or in quitting drinking.

Question 8

What two groups of characteristics influence longevity the most?

Answer 8

1. Conscientiousness &Social dependability (low levels greater chance of dying)
2. Cheerfulness& Optimism (higher levels greater chance of dying)

Question 9

How is Type A personality described?

Answer 9

competitiveness, impatience, excessive job involvement, hostility and time urgency

Question 10

What personality trait predicts academic performance best?

Answer 10

Conscientiousness (0.25)

Question 11

What describes a primary psychopath?

Answer 11

Coolly calculating – manipulation, deceit, grandiosity, callousness, and selfishness

Question 12

What describes a secondary psychopath?

Answer 12

Very poor self-control – impulsivity, irresponsibility, lack of planning and poor self-control

Question 13

What is the Dark Triad?

Answer 13

Psychopathy, Machiavellianism and Narcissism

Question 14

What traits are related to Psychopathy?

Answer 14

Low Conscientiousness

Low Honesty

Question 15

What traits are related to Machiavellianism?

Answer 15

Low on Agreeableness

Low Honesty

Question 16

What traits are related to Narcissism?

Answer 16

High on Extraversion

Low Honesty

Question 17

What are general dispositions to feeling more positive emotions?

Answer 17

Linked to high life satisfaction:
High self-esteem (0.6)
Cheerfulness (0.4)
Assertiveness (0.3)

Question 18

What are general dispositions to feeling more negative emotions?

Answer 18

Linked to low life satisfaction:
Depressiveness (-0.5)
Anxiety (-0.3)
Anger (-0.3)

Question 19

What are the only two traits that go down with age?

Answer 19

• Extraversion (Sociable, lively aspects)

- Openness to Experience (only modestly)

Question 20

How do personality traits change during childhood and how much do they correlate from 2 to 15?

Answer 20

Extraversion – became lower
Agreeableness& Conscientiousness – higher
Emotional Stability – children typically became somewhat lower between ages 3 and 6
Openness to Experience – most became lower between ages 8 and 15
r= 0.2

Question 21

What conclusions can be drawn from mean-level change research on personality?

Answer 21

I. Most-mean level personality-trait change occurs between the ages 20 and 40
II. Personality traits continue to change, even in old age
III. Time has a positive effect on personality-trait change
IV. With age, people become more confident, warm, responsible, and calm – or what some have described as socially mature

Question 22

What advantages are there to the Individual-differences approach?

Answer 22

• provides insights
• social investment
• personality traits as outcomes not predictors

Question 23

What idea does the Neo Socioanalytic Model encapture?

Answer 23

personality changes can occur at any age and that individuals change because of investments in social roles

Question 24

What does the Dynamic Equilibrium Model state?

Answer 24

personality changes only temporarily in reaction to major life events

Question 25

What does the Accentuation Hypothesis state?

Answer 25

Personality changes if clear information on role-appropriate personality trait levels is available

Question 26

How do positive and negative life events influence emotional stability and why?

Answer 26

positive -> increases
negative -> decreases
Might be an adaptive strategy to become sensible and prepared for future hassels

Question 27

What Impact do life events in the occupational domain have?

Answer 27

More Conscientiousness with role demands (Neo-Socioanalytic Models)
Increases in Emotional Stability and decreases in Extraversion

Question 28

What impact do life events in the social domain have?

Answer 28

Personality maturation brings increases in emotional stability, social dominance, agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 29

What impact do life events in the health domain have?

Answer 29

Sexual problems in young people -> decreases in emotional stability & extraversion

Question 30

What is the State-artefact position?

Answer 30

any changes seen in personality trait measures that appear as the result of therapy can be attributed to the state-level variance in personality trait measures

Question 31

What is the Cause-correction hypothesis?

Answer 31

changes demonstrated in psychological outcomes are the result of changes in the trait component and not the state component of personality
-> supported by research

Question 32

What is the Paradox of Intelligence?

Answer 32

Heritability Changes across life span and socioeconomic status: Heritability of IQ increases with age (0.8 at 50 years old)

Question 33

What formula describes the Paradox of intelligence?

Answer 33

VP= Genetic Variance+ Malleability (including GE Interplay)