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Personality > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

Mental Ability

1
Q

What tasks does the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery have?

A
  1. Vocabulary
  2. Arithmetic
  3. Spatial
  4. Picture arrangement
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2
Q

Who was the first researcher to develop a proper mental ability test?

A

Alfred Binet ; test to determine a childs’ mental age

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3
Q

What refinement did Stern make to Binets IQ test?

A

IQ= (mental age/ chronological age)*100

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4
Q

What did Spearman find?

A

g- factor: existence of a single, major dimension of mental ability

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5
Q

What is the principle of the indifference of the indicator?

A

The content of the task (indicator) is unimportant in determining whether the task would show a high or low g-loading

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6
Q

What are highly g-loaded tasks?

A

Mostly involve processes such as “the eduction of relations and correlates”
-> e.g. Raven’s Matrices

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7
Q

What are low g-loaded tasks like?

A

Need to use simpler mental processes that are more automatic or needing to follow rules

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8
Q

What did Thurstone suspect?

A

g-factor-> inaccurate
He hypothesized 7 primacy factors: verbal fluency, verbal comprehension, numerical facility, spatial visualization, memory, perceptual speed, reasoning

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9
Q

How did researchers combine Spearman and Thurstone’s findings?

A

g plus factors within g factor-> classifies the many ability tasks into a few broad factors

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10
Q

How does mental ability change during life history?

A

people’s levels of g increase rapidly through childhood and continue to increase into late adolescence, and then decrease during old age

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11
Q

What could be also possible effects on differences in intelligence between age groups

A

cohort effects - difference between between people born in different generations

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12
Q

Is mental ability stable across the life span?

A

There is a high level of consistency across the life course, at least after late childhood

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13
Q

How high is the effect of brain size on mental ability?

A

There is an average correlation (0.24)

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14
Q

How high is the effect of the amount of myelin on mental ability?

A

There is a positive correlation (0.5)

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15
Q

What is the effect of brain glucose metabolism?

A

The rate brain consumes glucose is lower in individuals with a higher IQ (-.68)
Higher intelligence corelates with reduced levels of glucose metabolism during problem solving

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16
Q

How heritable is mental ability and what is the effect of common or shared environment?

A

Heritability estimated about 0.5
Additive genetic influences about 0.35
Non-additive genetic influences 0.15

17
Q

How much did womb environment influence fraternal twins and nontwin siblings?

A

Fraternal twins: 0,2

Nontwin siblings: 0.05

18
Q

What are sex differences in mental ability?

A

Men: better in some aspects of spatial ability
Women: better in some aspects of memory and of perceptual speed

19
Q

What correlations were seen between mental ability and the different stages in the schooling system?

A
  1. Elementary school: 0.6
  2. Secondary school: 0.5
  3. College: 0.4
    IQ can predict if someone drops out or not: 0.55
20
Q

What is the partial correlation between mental ability and occupational achievement?

A

 The link between mental ability and occupational achievement reflects a moderately strong tendency for smarter people to gain higher-status jobs and higher incomes

21
Q

How does low IQ affect health?

A
  • health-related problems that arise in childhood might influence
  • lower IQ in childhood might indicate that body and brain are not functioning well overall
  • tendency to adopt bad behaviours
  • tendency to enter into unhealthy environments (e.g. hazardous or stressful occupations)
22
Q

What is the interaction between IQ and crime abidingness?

A

People with higher IQs tend to commit fewer crimes, even when socioeconomic status is held constant
-> cost/benefit ratio is higher for high IQ individuals

23
Q

How can measure the different kinds of mental ability?

A

Fluid intelligence-> novel tasks (e.g. puzzles or riddles)

Crystalized intelligence -> familiar tasks (e.g. school topics)

24
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

In 2000 people scored one full standard deviation higher than the same group did in the 1950s
-> due to the kind of thinking employed in modern times (novel thinking)

25
Q

Are people getting smarter?

A

No, increases are not general to all mental ability tasks
But mental abilities, required for tasks like the Raven’s Matrices have allowed people to adapt (e.g. through changes in technology, workplace and social relationships)

26
Q

How does mental ability relate to personality traits?

A

-> Correlation to Openness to Experience, especially intellectual curiosity also higher levels of verbal ability

27
Q

General: Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

-> created because he said that the usual IQ tests, give an advantage to people with good verbal skills
Suggested eight very distinct kinds of intelligence (all, but three strongly related to g factor)
- intrapersonal, musical, bodily-kinsthetic intelligence

28
Q

What three aspects does Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence separate?

A

Analytical, Creative, Practical

-> all strongly correlate to each other and to overall, general intelligence

29
Q

What is Emotional Intelligence?

A

The ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action
-> Perceiving, Using, Understanding, Managing Emotions

30
Q

How can Emotional Intelligence be measured?

A

MSCEIT: Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test

31
Q

How is EI correlated to different personality traits?

A

Neuroticism: negatively
Extraversion & Conscientiousness: positively & strong
Openness to Experience& Agreeableness: modest correlations

32
Q

What life outcomes are more likely for people with low EI?

A
  • more drug use (deviant behavior)
  • more unsatisfying relationships
  • partners with low EI are unhappier in their relationships
33
Q

What life outcomes are more likely for people with high EI?

A
  • positive relationships & fewer negative interactions
  • perceived greater support & more positive ratings
  • easier to deal with and more responsible in work environment
  • higher salary and more promotions
34
Q

What did the Flynn article criticise?

A

-> the AAMR criterion of mental retardation should be altered (to three standard deviations below the population mean (IQ of 55) rather than two

35
Q

When were gains in IQ most significant?

A

Between the World Wars

36
Q

What eight key findings does the Pietschig article discuss?

A
  1. Substantial gains for fluid IQ (0.41 points per year)
  2. Substantial gains for crystallized IQ
  3. Stronger gains for fluid than crystallized IQ
  4. Decreasing gains in more recent decades
  5. Nonlinear gains
  6. Stronger gains for adults than children
  7. Positive association with gross domestic product change per capita
  8. Stronger gains on low-g tests
37
Q

What are the three causes for the Flynn Effect?

A
  1. Environmental Factors (Education, Technology, Family Size, Test-Taking behavior)
  2. Biological Factors (Hybrid Vigour)
  3. Hybrid Factors (Nutrition, Genomic Imprinting, Pathogen Stress, IQ variability, Social Multipliers, Life History speed)

Personality (9 decks)

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