Task 3

Question 1

What are Personality Traits?

Answer 1

Differences among individuals in tendency to behave, think or feel in some conceptually related ways, across a variety of situations and a long period of time.

Question 2

What do structured personality inventories allow?

Answer 2

Good reliability

Good content validity - items describe wide array of interest, all of which are related to element being measured

Question 3

What is the Empirical Strategy?

Answer 3

Writing down a large number of items that describe a wide variety of actions, thoughts and feelings on various characteristics.

Question 4

What is the Factor-Analytic Strategy?

Answer 4

Sorting correlated items together into same category (same factor), while putting uncorrelated items into different ones. Each group of correlated items measures different traits.
Can be of much help to the researcher, by taking an extremely complicated pattern of correlations among a large group of variables, and reducing those variables to a small number of factors.

Question 5

What is the Rational Strategy?

Answer 5

Writing down items specifically for the purpose of assessing each trait to be measured. This is conducted ‘rationally’ in the sense that one tries to produce items that would rationally be considered relevant for the trait.

Question 6

What are criticisms to the Empirical Strategy?

Answer 6

• Big sample size is needed

Question 7

What are criticisms to the Factor-Analytic Strategy?

Answer 7

• limited set, if the pool does not contain variety of items

- no guarantee that traits that are intended to be measured are measured

Question 8

What are criticisms to the Rational Strategy?

Answer 8

If important aspects of a trait have been neglected and others overemphasized, then these will be shortcomings of final scale

Question 9

What did comparison between the three strategies of personality inventories show?

Answer 9

The Rational Strategy showed the highest self and observer correlations and validity

Question 10

How do unstructured personality inventories work?

Answer 10

Instruments use unstructured responses, which allow individual to respond in his/her unique way

Question 11

What are projective techniques?

Answer 11

Present respondents with an ambiguous stimulus and ask them to disambiguate the stimulus; psychologists can then attempt to assess the individual’s personality by considering his/her responses to the stimuli

Question 12

What does the projective hypothesis state?

Answer 12

Respondents project aspect of their personality in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli

Question 13

What does the Rorschach Inkblot Test measure?

Answer 13

Conventionality - Fitness (adequacy of object identified considering contours and location where it was perceived) and Frequency (how often particular object is mentioned spontaneously)

Question 14

Where are the rules and norms named to interpret the Rorschach Test?

Answer 14

Exner Comprehensive System (ECS)

Question 15

Which two psychological trends emerged in the 19th century?

Answer 15

1. Phrenology (Gall and Spurzheim)
2. Mental Testing (Galton)
   General interest of evaluating personality characteristics and character through information

Question 16

What were the developments in the early 20th century?

Answer 16

First formal use of personality inventory, the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet

Question 17

What were the developments in the mid 20th century?

Answer 17

Start of use of inventories in personnel settings (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

Question 18

What were the developments in the late 20th century?

Answer 18

Loads of clinical personality assessment procedures were explored and developed

Question 19

What are the accepted inventories in personnel settings?

Answer 19

• 16 PF Questionnaire (factor analysis)
• California Psychological Inventory (rational and empirical)
• NEO-P-I

Question 20

What are accepted inventories in clinical settings?

Answer 20

• MMPI,
• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory,
• Personality Assessment Inventory

Question 21

How high is the correlation between the MMPI and Rorschach?

Answer 21

0.32

Question 22

How is the Rorschach test administered?

Answer 22

× First, a psychologist rates the collected reactions on more than 100 characteristics, or variables
× Then they compile the findings into a psychological profile of the individual

Question 23

How is the Thematic Appereception Test administered?

Answer 23

Ask respondents to formulate a story based on ambiguous scenes in drawings on cards -> no standardized procedure