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Personality > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

Who are you?

1
Q

What are the S-Datas Pros?

A
  • Easy and accurate
  • People likely to be motivated to talk about themselves and might identify with the q’s
  • Easy to interpret
  • Cheap and quick
  • Really practical and efficient so you can gather data from a large set of people
  • Have a lot of control
  • Large archive to use
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2
Q

What are the S-Datas Cons?

A
  • Structure of q’s could be misunderstood
    Response biases*
  • Socially desirable responding: present themselves in a favourable light
  • Acquiescent responding: don’t consider the q
  • Extreme responding
    Takes effort and time
    People aren’t always self-aware misunderstood perception of who they are
    Do we know ourselves well enough?
    Not as accurate as behavioural measures
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3
Q

What are the I Datas Pros?

A

Objective & Rich source of info
Principle of aggregation: More judgements = more reliable
- Informants have observed loads = the report includes attributes that reflect the characteristic useful info across situations

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4
Q

What are the I Datas Cons?

A

Expensive,
Sometimes Difficult and invalid (uncooperative informants; dishonest answers)
Response biases in questionnaire: acquiscence and extreme responding; Enhancement or diminishing biases; Fundamental attribution error
Informants will never have as much information as the target (thoughts and feelings)

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5
Q

What are the B-Datas Pros?

A

Lab setting: assess situation specific traits
Natural setting: could use EAR (Electronically Activated Recorder); captures short snapshots of what the individual is doing at numerous times over a couple of days

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6
Q

What are the B-Datas Cons?

A

Costs time and money
Lab setting: artificial (lack of representativeness)/ social desirability + might measure situational factors rather than dispositional ones

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7
Q

What bias can balancing the scoring key reduce?

A

Acquiscence bias

- reduce “yeah” sayers

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8
Q

What do specially designed scales like the MMPI lie scale do?

A

present behavioural statements that are common, yet not favourable to admit

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9
Q

What are the multiple methods approaches main strengths?

A

Improve construct validity, accuracy of data in measuring what is indented

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10
Q

What is construct validity?

A

the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring.

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11
Q

What are the multiple methods approaches limitations?

A

Extra time commitment, money and resources and training to implement
- not validity but provides reliability

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12
Q

What are the different views on self perception?

A

Freud: “ego is not master in its own house”
Behaviorists: dismissive of people’s capacity for self-insight
Social and personality psychology: has faith in self-perception

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13
Q

What is self knowledge?

A

Accurate self-perceptions about how one typically thinks, feels, and behaves, and awareness of how those patterns are interpreted by others

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14
Q

With what brain activity can acurate self description be described?

A

More effortful brain areas, as social desirability biases result from less self-control

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15
Q

What is the criterion problem?

A

The question of how we should assess accuracy

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16
Q

How do we solve the criterion problem?

A

by targeting the individuals self-perceptions as the criterion

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17
Q

What can self-perceptions be compared to?

A
  1. Objective criteria (B-data)
  2. Perceptions of others who know the person well (I-data)
  3. One’s perceived reputations
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18
Q

Are self-perceptions consistent with objective measures?

A

Studies showed an average correlation (0.34)

-> perception of behavior more accurate than of their personality

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19
Q

About what traits do people have more or less knowledge?

A

Internal traits: a lot (e.g. anxiety)

Highly evaluative traits: not a lot (e.g. intelligence)

20
Q

Do self-perceptions converge with other’s perceptions?

A

Correlations between 0.40-0.60

- they are more in line with spouses’ ratings than with friends’

21
Q

What is meta-accuracy?

A

The capacity to know how others see us

22
Q

What is the difference between generalized and dyadic meta-accuracy?

A

Generalized: reflects awarenes of reputation
Dyadic: reflects awareness of impressions they make on specific individuals

23
Q

How can you counteract Informant reports from being too time-consuming or expensive?

A

Use the Internet

24
Q

How can you get Informants to cooperate?

A

Take steps to avoid spam filters and
keep questionnaire simple and brief
Send reminders to informants

25
Q

How can you get Informants to give valid answers?

A

Emphasize confidentiality

Make compensation to participant independent of informant cooperation

26
Q

What do the Interactionists theories claim?

A

people create their environment based on their internal predispositions

27
Q

What is Bruswik’s lens model?

A

Any cue in an environment can serve as the lens, through which an observer looks at the underlying construct

28
Q

What is Cue utilization?

A

link between the observable cue (desk) and an observer’s judgement (messy)

29
Q

What is Cue validity?

A

link between the observable cue (desk) and the occupant’s actual level of the certain characteristic

30
Q

How is Functional Achievement/ Observer Accuracy compared? (Lens model)

A

Comparing the Underlying Construct and the Observer Judgement

31
Q

What are the mechanisms linking individuals to their environment?

A
  1. Self-Directed Identity Claims
  2. Other-Directed Identity Claims
  3. Interior Behavioural Residue
  4. Exterior Behavioural Residue
32
Q

What are Self Directed Identity claims?

A

e.g. Personal artefacts that reinforce self-view

33
Q

What are Other Directed Identity Claims?

A

Symbols with shared meanings to make statements about how they would like to be seen from others (values)

34
Q

What is Interior Behavioural Residue?

A

Physical traces of activities conducted in the environment

35
Q

What is Exterior Behavioural Resiude?

A

Things that were planned inside, but performed outside

36
Q

What different Processes can by activated while using cue utilization?

A

1 a : Observer infers behaviour from residue
2 a : Observer infers disposition from behaviour
1 b: Residue activates stereotype and associated traits
2 b: Behaviour activates stereotype and associated traits

37
Q

What did Gosling find concerning Office?

A

Consensur: Interobserver correlation positive (0.34), most for Openness, Conscientiousness and Extraversion
Accuracy (=.22)
Lowest Accuracy for Agreeableness
Use of sex stereotypes

38
Q

What did Gosling find concerning Bedrooms?

A

Consensus: positive
Accuracy: positive and significant (highest for openness, emotional stability, conscientiousness)
Partially mediated by race and sex stereotypes

39
Q

What did Mehl find out concerning gender differences?

A

They have little influence in students’ daily social environments

40
Q

What does Giles communication accommodation theory identify?

A

Convergence and divergence strategies that humans adopt to manage conversations (e.g. swear words, non-fluences, and filler word categories)

41
Q

What is the socially desirable responding bias?

A

Answer questions in such a way as to appear favorably by other people

42
Q

What is the acquiescence responding bias?

A

Agreeing with certain questions without understanding them

43
Q

What is the extreme responding bias?

A

The tendency of the respondents to answer in the extreme

44
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

When the same trait is being measured by two different methods

45
Q

What is discriminate validity?

A

When different traits are being measured by two methods

-> low correlation

46
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

When the same trait is being measured by two different methods

47
Q

What is discriminate validity?

A

When different traits are being measured by two methods

-> low correlation

Personality (9 decks)

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