Task 1 Flashcards
Who are you?
What are the S-Datas Pros?
- Easy and accurate
- People likely to be motivated to talk about themselves and might identify with the q’s
- Easy to interpret
- Cheap and quick
- Really practical and efficient so you can gather data from a large set of people
- Have a lot of control
- Large archive to use
What are the S-Datas Cons?
- Structure of q’s could be misunderstood
Response biases* - Socially desirable responding: present themselves in a favourable light
- Acquiescent responding: don’t consider the q
- Extreme responding
Takes effort and time
People aren’t always self-aware misunderstood perception of who they are
Do we know ourselves well enough?
Not as accurate as behavioural measures
What are the I Datas Pros?
Objective & Rich source of info
Principle of aggregation: More judgements = more reliable
- Informants have observed loads = the report includes attributes that reflect the characteristic useful info across situations
What are the I Datas Cons?
Expensive,
Sometimes Difficult and invalid (uncooperative informants; dishonest answers)
Response biases in questionnaire: acquiscence and extreme responding; Enhancement or diminishing biases; Fundamental attribution error
Informants will never have as much information as the target (thoughts and feelings)
What are the B-Datas Pros?
Lab setting: assess situation specific traits
Natural setting: could use EAR (Electronically Activated Recorder); captures short snapshots of what the individual is doing at numerous times over a couple of days
What are the B-Datas Cons?
Costs time and money
Lab setting: artificial (lack of representativeness)/ social desirability + might measure situational factors rather than dispositional ones
What bias can balancing the scoring key reduce?
Acquiscence bias
- reduce “yeah” sayers
What do specially designed scales like the MMPI lie scale do?
present behavioural statements that are common, yet not favourable to admit
What are the multiple methods approaches main strengths?
Improve construct validity, accuracy of data in measuring what is indented
What is construct validity?
the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring.
What are the multiple methods approaches limitations?
Extra time commitment, money and resources and training to implement
- not validity but provides reliability
What are the different views on self perception?
Freud: “ego is not master in its own house”
Behaviorists: dismissive of people’s capacity for self-insight
Social and personality psychology: has faith in self-perception
What is self knowledge?
Accurate self-perceptions about how one typically thinks, feels, and behaves, and awareness of how those patterns are interpreted by others
With what brain activity can acurate self description be described?
More effortful brain areas, as social desirability biases result from less self-control
What is the criterion problem?
The question of how we should assess accuracy
How do we solve the criterion problem?
by targeting the individuals self-perceptions as the criterion
What can self-perceptions be compared to?
- Objective criteria (B-data)
- Perceptions of others who know the person well (I-data)
- One’s perceived reputations
Are self-perceptions consistent with objective measures?
Studies showed an average correlation (0.34)
-> perception of behavior more accurate than of their personality
About what traits do people have more or less knowledge?
Internal traits: a lot (e.g. anxiety)
Highly evaluative traits: not a lot (e.g. intelligence)
Do self-perceptions converge with other’s perceptions?
Correlations between 0.40-0.60
- they are more in line with spouses’ ratings than with friends’
What is meta-accuracy?
The capacity to know how others see us
What is the difference between generalized and dyadic meta-accuracy?
Generalized: reflects awarenes of reputation
Dyadic: reflects awareness of impressions they make on specific individuals
How can you counteract Informant reports from being too time-consuming or expensive?
Use the Internet
How can you get Informants to cooperate?
Take steps to avoid spam filters and
keep questionnaire simple and brief
Send reminders to informants
