TASK 5 - PERSONALITY DISORDER (NARCISISSM) Flashcards
personality disorders
- cluster A
= odd-eccentric personality disorders = paranoid, unusual beliefs, similar to schizophrenia; problems developing interpersonal relationships - schizoid - schizotypal - paranoid
personality disorders
- cluster B
= dramatic-emotional personality disorder
= engage in behaviours that are dramatic and impulsive, often little regard for own safety; lack of concern for others
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissism
personality disorders
- cluster C
= anxious-fearful personality disorders = chronic sense of anxiety/fearfulness, behaviours intended to ward off feared situations - avoidant - dependent - obsessive-compulsive
narcissistic personality disorder
= pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
- shallow in emotion (similar to histrionic)
- rely on self-evaluations, see dependency on others as weak
- self-importance, fantasies of power and success, view themselves as superior
- can be extremely successful that reward self-confidence and assertiveness (U.S)
DSM-5 criteria
- beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1. grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents)
2. preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power
3. believes that he or she is “special”/ unique and can only be understood by/should associate with other special, high-status people
4. requires excessive admiration
5. sense of entitlement (i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favourable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations)
6. interpersonally exploitative (i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends)
7. lacks empathy
8. often envious of others/believes others are envious of him or her
9. arrogant, haughty behaviours or attitudes
prevalence
- approx. 1% in population
- 2% in clinical setting
- 50%-75% of patients are male
section 3 criteria
A.
moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning, manifested by characteristic difficulties in 2 or more of the following areas (2 = “moderate”):
- identity: excessive reference to others for self-definition + self-esteem regulation; exaggerated self-appraisal –> inflated/ deflated or vacillate between extremes —> mirror fluctuations in self-esteem
- self-direction: goal-setting is based on gaining approval from others, personal standards are unreasonably high –> see oneself as exceptional or too low based on a sense of entitlement, often unaware of own motivations
- empathy: impaired ability to recognise or identify with feelings, needs of others; over- or underestimate own effect on others
- intimacy: relationships largely superficial + exist to serve self-esteem regulation; constrained mutuality (little genuine interest, predominance of need for personal gain)
section 3 criteria
B.
both of the following pathological traits:
- grandiosity (aspect of antagonism): feelings of entitlement (overt or covert); self-centredness; firmly holding the belief that one is better than others; condescending toward others
- attention seeking (aspect of antagonism): excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention of others; admiration seeking
section 3 criteria
C.
impairments in A & B are relatively inflexible & pervasive across a broad range of personal & social situations
- pervasiveness
section 3 criteria
D.
impairments in A & B are stable across time with onsets that can be traced back to adolescence/ early adulthood
- stability + age of onset
section 3 criteria
E.
not better explained by another disorder
- psychopathological exclusion
section 3 criteria
F.
not attributable to substances or another medical condition
- medical exclusion
section 3 criteria
G.
not better understood as normal for the developmental stage or sociocultural environment
- non-normality/unproportionality
hybrid model
= section 3 criteria
= mixed categorical-dimensional approach
- incorporation of a continuum/dimensional model
- represent extreme versions of typical personality traits
- need to increase validity
A. impairments in personality function: self + interpersonal
a) identity + self-direction
b) empathy + intimacy
- predicts presence of disorder
- dimensional: severity
B. pathological personality traits: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism
- categorical: domains and 25 trait facets
C. situational stability = pervasiveness
D. temporal stability
E. disorder/ psychopathological exclusion
F. medical exclusion
G. non-normality
causes
- due to over-evaluation by significant others during childhood –> develop unrealistically positive assumptions about their self-worth
- defence against rejection by important people in their lives –> develop belief that they are unique, exceptional
