Task 5 Are you sure?

Question 1

External validity

Answer 1

Its results can be extended beyond the limited research setting and sample in which they were obtained
• Should be conducted in a way that they can be used in the real-world
• gain insight in underlying behaviour

Question 2

Internal validity

Answer 2

• Internal validity is the ability of your design to test the hypothesis that it was designed to test
• Testing your hypothesis
• Showing that only the independent variable causes the observed variation
• Are threatened by rival hypothesis

Question 3

Confounding

Answer 3

Two ore more variables are combined in a way that you can’t see which observations are from which variable

Question 4

Construct validity

Answer 4

• Convergent (similar to instruments measuring the same construct)
• Divergent (not similar to measure of a different construct)

Question 5

Pretesting

Answer 5

When you have to test your participants if they fulfil your requirements. Can lead to less generalization (threat to validity)

Question 6

Biased sources

Answer 6

Unrepresentative sources (e.g. asking republicans if weapons should be forbidden) (threat to validity)

Question 7

Sampling error

Answer 7

When your sample differs in the characteristics compared to your population (threat to validity)

Question 8

Volunteer bias

Answer 8

volunteers differ in meaningful ways from the general population, the difference between volunteer and nonvolunteer affect the external validity of your research.

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

the ability to apply findings from your sample to the whole or larger population

Question 10

Random sample

Answer 10

Pick random people out of your population

Question 11

Non-random sample

Answer 11

usually individuals from a highly specialised suppopulation (e.g. college students)
→less external validity

Question 12

Probability sample

Answer 12

Everybody from your population has ideally the same probability to get in your sample
1. Representativeness:
→Sample should be representative for your population
→biased sample when its not representative

Question 13

random sampling

Answer 13

everybody has an equal chance to appear in your study

Question 14

simple random sampling

Answer 14

choose a random sample e.g by using a random number generator
→ random digit dialling: use 4 numbers and one exchange digit to get the random factor

Question 15

Stratified sampling

Answer 15

you divide the population into segments and then you take equally large samples from each segment

Question 16

Proportionate sampling

Answer 16

same stratified sample but you take the right proportion out of your segment that it reflects the population better

Question 17

Systematic sampling

Answer 17

choosing every Nth person (every 3rd or 8th)

Question 18

Cluster sampling

Answer 18

is used when the population is to big so you look for a already existing cluster and observe it

Question 19

Multiple cluster sampling

Answer 19

you choose several clusters and choose only some participants out of every cluster

Question 20

Simulation

Answer 20

try to recreate a real world situation

Question 21

Population

Answer 21

A group of people how fit to the characteristics which you defined

Question 22

Sample

Answer 22

A group of the population which you want to participate at the study