Task 1 Welcome sience

Question 1

Basic research

Answer 1

1. investigate issues →confirm/disconfirm theoretical or empirical positions
2. acquire general information

Question 2

applied research

Answer 2

→generate information that can be applied to a real world problem

Question 3

confirmation bias

Answer 3

looking for information that fits our believes

Question 4

Post hoc

Answer 4

bringing arguments you cant refute, negative statements

Question 5

Belief based explanations

Answer 5

devised explanations without evidence, e.g. what happens after death, when evidence conflicts with the explanation the explanation is questioned

Question 6

circular explanations

Answer 6

An explanation of behavior which refers to factors which only proof of existence is the behavior they are being called to explain, e.g. animals are aggressive because of a tendency to behave aggressively

Question 7

Method of authority

Answer 7

expert sources (books or people) not always reliable because of biases on both sides. can help to generate new ideas

Question 8

The rational method

Answer 8

Developing explanations through a process of logical, self-evident reasoning

Question 9

The scientific Method

Answer 9

1 observing a phenomenon 2 formulating tentative explanations or statements of cause and effect 3 further observing or experimenting to rule out alternative explanations 4 refining and retesting the explanations

Question 10

Influence= f(SIN)

Answer 10

strength of an influence source (S)
immediacy of an influence (I)
number of influence sources (N)

Question 11

Ability to account for data

Answer 11

• A theory must account for most of the data in its domain

* Theory can be excused for failing to account for falsified data

Question 12

Explanatory relevance

Answer 12

Theory must offer good grounds to believe that the phenomena would occur under this conditions

Question 13

Testability

Answer 13

A theory is testable if it is capable of failing some empirical test

Question 14

Prediction of novel events

Answer 14

• Should predict new phenomena

* Doesn’t have to be new just new in sight of that they weren’t taken into account in formulation of the theory

Question 15

Parsimony

Answer 15

• a problem should be displayed in the simplest possible terms and explained with the fewest assumptions possible

Question 16

confirmation strategy

Answer 16

looking for confirmation of the theory predictions

->likely to happen when the theory only predicts a loosely outcome

Question 17

Disconfirmation strategy

Answer 17

determine if there are not expected outcomes or not

Question 18

Rigorously evaluated

Answer 18

try to extend the explanation to cover broader areas

Question 19

deduction

Answer 19

when you go from a general idea to a specific (top down) e.g. all men are mortal, Earl Grey is a man so Earl Grey is mortal

Question 20

induction

Answer 20

first observe than forming your idea (bottom up) e.g. every British person you met has been polite so the next British person you will met will be polite

Question 21

Theory definition

Answer 21

a plausible or scientifically acceptable, well-substantiated explanation of some aspects of the natural world; an organized system or accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena and predict the characteristics of yet unobserved phenomena

Question 22

Generalization

Answer 22

ability to apply findings from a sample to a larger population

Question 23

Volunteer participants

Answer 23

Volunteer bias, they might be more interested in the topic so the differ from the general.

Question 24

Internal Validity

Answer 24

establish that variation in your independent variable causes observed variation in your dependent variable

Question 25

External Validity

Answer 25

generalise our findings make them applicable for real life situations

Question 26

Deception

Answer 26

When you mislead participants or withhold information

• Allows you to create interesting situations that are not likely to occur naturally -> study reactions of individuals (faster to create situation, than to wait for one)
• Certain aspects of behaviour can only be studied when caught off-guard

Question 27

Active deception

Answer 27

Actively falsify the information for the participant e.g. - Mispresenting the purpose of the research

• Making false statements as to the identity of the researcher
• Making false promises to the participant
• Violating a promise to keep the participant anonymous
• Providing misleading explanations of equipment and procedures
• Using pseudo subjects(people who pose as participants but work for the experimenter)
• Making false diagnoses and other reports
• Using false interaction
• Using placebos and secret administration of drugs
• Providing misleading settings for the investigations and corresponding behaviour by the experimenter

Question 28

Role playing

Answer 28

Role playing: participants are informed about the nature of the research and are supposed to act -> relies on the acting ability !!! Different outcomes than in deception !!!

Question 29

Debriefing

Answer 29

Inform participants about the nature of deception used + why it was necessary

Question 30

Steps of debriefing

Answer 30

1. Full disclosure of the purpose of the experiment
2. Description of used deception + thorough explanation why the deception was necessary
3. Discussion of the problem of perseverance of the effects of the experimental manipulations
4. Convincing argument for the necessity of deception + convince the participant that research is scientifically important + has potential applications

Question 31

Alternative to animal research

Answer 31

In vitro methods: substitute isolated living tissues cultures for whole living animals
Computer simulations: mathematical model of the process to be simulated is programmed into the computer

Question 32

Three basic principles of human research

Answer 32

1. Respect for Persons = participants should be autonomous and allowed to make own decisions, participants with limited autonomy deserve special treatment
2. Beneficence = participants must have their well being protected: do not harm, maximizing benefits while minimizing harm
3. Justice = divides burdens and benefits equally between researcher and participant

Question 33

Confidentiality (anonymity)

Answer 33

guarantee the security of their response in a experiment