Task 3 Making Observations and asking questions

Question 1

Reliability

Answer 1

Reliability of a measure concern its ability to produce similar results when repeated measurements are made under identical conditions

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

Validity of a measure id the extent to which it measures what you intend it to measure

Question 3

Face validity

Answer 3

descries how well a measurement instrument appears to measure what it was designed to measure

Question 4

Content validity

Answer 4

has to do with how adequately the content of a questionnaire sample the knowledge, skills, behaviour that the set is intended to measure (covering the knowledge which you have done the questionnaire for)

Question 5

criterion-related validity

Answer 5

reflects how adequate a test score can be use to infer an individuals value on some criterion measure (how well does the score predicts future outcomes of a test about the same topic)

Question 6

concurrent validity

Answer 6

if the scores and the criterion are collected at the same time

Question 7

predictive validity

Answer 7

comparing the scores of your test with the value of criterion measure observed at an later time

Question 8

Construct validity

Answer 8

Validity of a test judged by how adequate a test samples behaviour representative for the universe of behaviours the test was designed to sample

Question 9

Test-retest reliability

Answer 9

test two times with a long time in between

→when correlations are high your measure is reliable

Question 10

Parallel-forms reliability

Answer 10

same as test-retest but the second time you will get a parallel form which fights the problem of recalling

Question 11

Split-half reliability

Answer 11

parallel test in the same session

Question 12

Interrater reliability

Answer 12

A level in which multiple observers agree in classification and quantification of behaviour

Question 13

preliminary observations

Answer 13

observe your objects in the certain situation before the real study and list all their behaviour

Question 14

literature search

Answer 14

means to look at previous experiments in your field and try to copy the behavioural categories you should do preliminary observations as well to be sure that they fit

Question 15

Quantifying behaviour

Answer 15

1. Frequency method
   →You record the number of times a behaviour occurs in a certain time
2. Duration Method
   →how long does a particular behaviour last
3. Intervals method
   →create time intervals and look if the behaviour occurs within the interval (make them so short that only one behaviour can occur per interval)

Question 16

Time sampling

Answer 16

scan the group for a certain time an than record the observed behaviours for the same time (making more detailed records of your observation)

Question 17

Individual sampling

Answer 17

You choose a single subject and observe it for a period and record the observations than you choose another subject and repeat the procedure (when you want to preserve the organization of an individual’s behaviour)

Question 18

Event sampling

Answer 18

You observe only one behaviour (e.g. sharing behaviour) and record all instances of that behaviour (when you clearly define one behaviour of interest)

Question 19

Naturalistic observations

Answer 19

observing your objects in their natural environment without manipulating variables

Question 20

Unobtrusive observations

Answer 20

observations that do not alter the natural behaviours of your subjects (stay hidden or let the objects get used to you)

Question 21

Ethnography

Answer 21

a researcher becomes immersed in the behavioural or social system being studied
→gaining access to a field setting
→gaining entry into the group
→becoming and staying invisible

Question 22

Making observations and recording data

Answer 22

Easy if you are not covert but when you are take short notes

Question 23

Analysing ethnographic data

Answer 23

→1reading your field notes and identify any themes or hypothesis,
→2code any systematic patterns in your notes and consider doing an in depth content analysis

Question 24

sociometry

Answer 24

involves identifying and measuring interpersonal relationships within a group(friendship patterns among children, peer assessments of teenagers solicited to dealing drugs, as well as other social network and work relationships) the participants have to fill out a questionnaire as well

Question 25

Case history

Answer 25

is a descriptive technique in which you observe and report on a single or few case/s. (case is the object of study, such as the development of a mental disease of a certain individual)
special kind of demonstration

Question 26

Archival research

Answer 26

studying existing records (police crime reports, published research articles, social media information)
→should have a specific research question

Question 27

Content analysis

Answer 27

• To analyse a written or spoken record for the occurrence of specific categories or events (pauses in a speech), items(negative comments, or behaviour)

Question 28

Performing content analysis

Answer 28

→define response categories
→read or listen to your material first
→record unit =frequency of a word or sentence

Question 29

The reactive nature of psychological measurement

Answer 29

subjects may behave different when they know they participate in a study
→Human: will interpret your study and behave like they think it might be right

Question 30

Expectancy effects

Answer 30

when a researcher preconceived ideas about how participants should behave are subtly communicated to subjects and, in turn, affect the participants behaviour

Question 31

Single-blind technique

Answer 31

the experimenter does not know which treatment the participant take part in so he cant assume behaviour

Question 32

Double-blind technique

Answer 32

neither the experimenter nor the participant knows with treatments the participant is receiving (e.g. placebo)

Question 33

Automating your experiments

Answer 33

eliminate some source of experimenter bias, can safe time, tend to be more accurate because it doesn’t make faults humans do

Question 34

conducting a pilot study

Answer 34

small scale version of the study used to establish procedure, material, and parameters of the real study, needs a lot of time and can be expensive

Question 35

Manipulation check

Answer 35

You want to check if the participant understood the manipulation right or if he/she reacted different to the manipulation

Question 36

Field survey (good questionaire)

Answer 36

directly question your participants about their behavior and their underlying attitudes, beliefs, intentions > remain anonymity and confidentiality of participants

Question 37

Demographics

Answer 37

characteristics of participants (e.g. sex, age,..)

Question 38

Predictor variable

Answer 38

Demographics are used as predictor values when they determine whether particular characteristics correlate with or predict responses to other items in the survey

Question 39

Criterion variable

Answer 39

items that are designed to assess the behavior of interest

Question 40

Open ended items

Answer 40

allow participants to respond in their own words

Question 41

Restricted Items

Answer 41

provide a limited number of specific response alternatives

Question 42

Partiallyopenended Items

Answer 42

resemble restricted items but provide an additional other space to give an answer not listed among the specific alternatives

Question 43

Rating Scales

Answer 43

provides a graded response of the question

Question 44

Likertscale

Answer 44

provides a series of statements to which participants can indicate degrees of agreement or disagreement

Question 45

Non response bias

Answer 45

When people don’t answers a survey

Question 46

4 contact e-mail

Answer 46

Informing e-mail some days in advance
Cover letter contains request to do the survey/contains possibility for questions/signature of you
Thank you card: Thanks for doing it or reminding to do it
Reminding letter reminds people to fill out the questionnaire (only sent if it not already done)

Question 47

Role attitude cues

Answer 47

are unintended cues in an experiment that suggest the participant how to they are expected to behave
→cooperative attitude: desire to please the experimenter (can cause bizarre behaviour)
→apprehensive attitude: when participants are worried about what will happen to them
→negative attitude: try to ruin the experiment (can be caused by required participation)

Question 48

Behavioural measures

Answer 48

you record actual behaviour of your subjects
→Frequency: you count how often a behaviour occurs
→Latency: You measure the amount of time a subjects need to respond to some stimulus
→Number of errors: Counting the number of errors

Question 49

Physiological measures

Answer 49

→requires special equipment to monitor the participants bodily functions
→non-invasive and do not harm the participant
→provides you with accurate information about such things as the state of arousal within the participants body

Question 50

Q-sort methodology

Answer 50

involves establishing evaluative categories and sorting items into those categories
→retrospective verbal report: participants evaluate on past experiences
→prospective verbal report: participants evaluate how they would behave in a certain future situation

Question 51

Demand characteristics

Answer 51

cues inadvertently provided by the researcher, participants start to create their own hypothesis and act in certain ways

Question 52

Facilitated communication

Answer 52

a way to allow severely impaired persons to communicate with others in ways and at levels previously believed to be impossible (body behaviour and gestikulierung)

Question 53

Probability sampling

Answer 53

Everybody has the same probability to get chosen

Question 54

Representative sample

Answer 54

should display the average thoughts of the group

Question 55

Simple random sampling

Answer 55

random number how your subject is chosen

Question 56

Segment sampling

Answer 56

choose an equal amount of every segment

Question 57

Cluster sampling

Answer 57

use natural groups in a bigger group (subgroups)