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Neuroanatomy > Task 5 > Flashcards

Task 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What main brain structures make up the limbic system?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Cingulate Gyrus
  • Hypothalamus
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2
Q

Which amygdala sub-nucleus has connections to olfactory circuits?

A

Medial Nucleus

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3
Q

Which amygdala sub-nucleus is the input site for thalamic projections?

A

Lateral Nucleus

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4
Q

Describe the papez circuit

A

Hypothalamus -> Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus -> Cingulate Cortex -> Hippocampus -> Mamillary Bodies -> Repeat

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5
Q

What is a central role of the Hypothalamus?

A

It judges the emotional salience of a cue and gives an output signal for emotional expression.

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6
Q

Which two subcortical networks are connected to the default mode network?

A

1) Hippocampal-Diencephalic Circuit

2) Temporo-Amygdala-Orbito-Frontal Network

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7
Q

What is sham-rage?

A

When certain connections or parts of the brain are removed, but the Hypothalamus stays intact, animals still show emotional behavior, which however is not motivated by rational cues.

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8
Q

What is the gist of James’ Peripheral Feedback Theory?

A

Feelings result from a set of physiological expressions

“First sweat, then anxiety”

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9
Q

Explain Cannon-Bard’s Central Theory of Emotions.

A

Emotions are processed by the brain:
Sensory Information -> Thalamus -> Hypothalamus & Cortex
- They first highlighted the importance of the hypothalamus in qualifying emotional cues

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10
Q

What is one deduction we can make from the papez circuit?

A

That emotional expression is under cortical influence.

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11
Q

What is a disease we can relate to the Papez circuit?

A

Korsakow Syndrome

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12
Q

What did MacLean come up with?

A

The visceral brain

  • > building on findings of klüver-bucy and cannon-bard: Emotions are a product of the visceral brain
  • > Was later redefined as the limbic system
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13
Q

Describe the LeDoux model of emotions

A

Kind of Dual Process theory:
High road: Thalamus -> Cortex -> Amygdala
Low road: Thalamus -> Amygdala

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14
Q

What is one of the main functions of the Amygdala?

A

Connecting external stimuli with emotional consequences

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15
Q

What is another name for a genuine smile?

A

Duchenne Smile

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16
Q

What were Duchenne’s findings in his 1862 experiment?

A

That many muscles around the eyes, involved in smiling are not easily controlled by free will.

17
Q

What is a physiological difference between real and fake smiles?

A

Fake smiles are controlled by the motor cortex and the pyramidal tract, whereas Duchenne smiles are governed by the anterior cingulate gyrus and extrapyramidal pathways.

18
Q

What is emotional facial paresis?

A

the ability to voluntarily produce facial expressions, but not when they are an involuntary reaction.

19
Q

What do we call the disease, in which patients exhibit Duchenne smiles, but can’t produce fake smiles?

A

Voluntary Facial Paresis

20
Q

What brain part is necessary for emotional conditioning?

A

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

21
Q

What does HPA stand for?

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal

22
Q

What is the endocrine chain reaction in the HPA Axis?

A

Hypothalamus -> CRH -> Pituitary -> ACTH -> Adrenals -> Cortisol

23
Q

Explain the Hippocampal cortisol regulation.

A

The hippocampus has cortisol receptors. If there is too much of it, the hippocampus inhibits the HPA Axis.

24
Q

What is the Monoamine Hypothesis when it comes to the connection of the Limbic System and Affective Disorders?

A

Norepinephrine and Serotonin are Monoamines.

- Levels of these neurotransmitters predict mood.

25
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis?

A
  • Diathesis is the medical term for predisposition.
  • The HPA axis is a main site, where genetic and environmental influences converge, possibly causing mood disorders
  • A hyperactivated HPA axis can cause depressive symptoms
  • Innate monoamine levels and early childhood experiences can cause a lack of cortisol receptors in the hippocampus
26
Q

What two types of stress are there (according to the lecture(?

A

Tonic and Acute

27
Q

The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala gives output to three sub-regions of the Hypothalamus. Which are these?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus
Medial Hypothalamus
Paraventricular Nucleus

28
Q

Describe the fast output pathway of the central Amygdala.

A

Central Nucleus -> Lateral Hypothalamus -> Adrenals

29
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for the psychological responses of fear?

A

PAG (Para-aqueductal gray)

30
Q

Which Amygdaloid Nucleus gives output into the Hippocampus and from there on the Papez Circuit?

A

Basolateral

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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