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Neuroanatomy > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In general, muscles are either controlled by the … or the … .

A

Spinal Cord ; Brain

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2
Q

What is another name for the somatic motor system?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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3
Q

Which cortical area is associated with the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Area 4

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4
Q

What can we find in cortical area 6?

A

Supplementary and Premotor areas

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5
Q

How is the representation of motor neurons in M1 mapped?

A

It is grouped according to direction and force of a movement

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6
Q

What kind of coding takes place in M1?

A

population coding

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7
Q

Which cortical area is especially important for planning of complex movements of distal muscles?

A

Area 6

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8
Q

What do we call the phase prior to a movement, during which neurons in the premotor area are already active?

A

Set-Phase

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9
Q

When it comes to more cognitively demanding tasks, there is one part of the premotor area that is especially responsive: …

A

Dorsal Premotor Area

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10
Q

The ventral premotor area has a significant impact on hand movements, however this impact is indirect. Explain why?

A

It is mediated through M1. The premotor area has a moderating effect on M1, which has more corticospinal output neurons.

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11
Q

What is the basic premise of Jackson’s Sensorimotor Machine Concept?

A

That all functions of the brain can be explained in terms of processing sensory input and ultimately generating motor output.

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12
Q

There are three hierarchy levels of control when it comes to motor functioning. How are they called and what main structures are associated with each?

A

High: Strategy -> (Fore)Brain
Medium: Tactics -> Motor Cortex & Cerebellum
Low: Execution -> Spinal Cord & Brainstem

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13
Q

Name the two dominant lateral pathways.

A 
Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)
Rubrospinal Tract
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14
Q

From which brain areas does the corticospinal tract receive input?

A
  • Mostly Motor Cortex

- Somatosensory Areas

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15
Q

Where does the Corticospinal Tract decussate?

A

At the junction of the Medulla and Spinal Cord

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16
Q

The fibers of the corticospinal tract converge in the Medulla. How is this exact location called?

A

Medullar Pyramid

17
Q

What is assumed to be the historical background for the emergence of the Pyramidal Tract?

A

Apes becoming more adapt in using their hands in an articulate manner.

18
Q

Why is the Rubrospinal Tract called like this?

A

Because it originates in the red nucleus in the midbrain

19
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?

A

In the Pons

20
Q

What is the main functionality of the rubrospinal tract?

A
  • Hand Movements

- Much of its functionality has been taken over by the pyramidal tract.

21
Q

Next to the lateral pathways in the spinal cord, there are also the…

A

Ventromedial Pathways

22
Q

The main job of the ventromedial pathways is:

A

Control of posture and locomotion

23
Q

Which tracts are involved in head stabilization?

A
  • Vestibular Tract

- Tectospinal Tract

24
Q

Which tract is important for initiating movements, by freeing up antigravity muscles?

A

Medullary Reticulospinal Tract

25
Q

Which two ventromedial tracts are so to say “opposing” and why?

A

Pontine Reticulospinal Tract vs Medullary Reticulospinal Tract
-> One enhances antigravity reflexes, the latter frees up antigravity muscles for locomotion

26
Q

What is the difference in lesions that affect both the corticospinal and the rubrospinal tract, and those, that only disrupt the corticospinal tract?

A

Both: Makes intricate movements impossible and movements generally slower and less accurate
Only Corticospinal: Some movements can be relearned and the only permanent impairment is a weakness in distal flexors like the fingers

27
Q

A lesion in area 6 can cause which disorder among others?

A

Apraxia - Inability to perform complex motor tasks

28
Q

What are the two subtypes of apraxia?

A

Ideomotor: Patients have a rough idea of how to do something but fail to execute
Ideational: The patients can’t even formulate the goal of the movement

29
Q

What is the biological basis of ALS?

A

Degeneration of large alpha motor neurons

30
Q

A class of genetic diseases that result in the deterioration of muscle functioning is called…?

A

Muscular Dystrophy

31
Q

What is special about Duchenne Muscle Dystrophy when it comes to inheritance?

A

it affects only males but is passed on by the mothers, on the X chromosome

32
Q

What is the biological basis of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Cell death in the Substantia Nigra

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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