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Body&Behavior > Task 1 - The Brain > Flashcards

Task 1 - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

+largest part of the brain

+devided into 2 hemispheres

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2
Q

Hippocampus

A

forms memories & is involved in learning

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3
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

+Anterior/ rotral ( Head end) of frontal lobe
+forming pans & strategies
+higher cognitive functions

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4
Q

Motor Association cortex /Premotor cortex

A

+ caudal/ posterior ( head-end) of prefrontal cortex
+controls primary motor cortex
+plans the movement

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5
Q

Corpus callosum

A

+is a bundle of fibers
+bridge of the 2 hemispheres
+te 2 hemispheres can then communicate with each other across the corpus callosum

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6
Q

Secondary Motor Cortex

A

+rostral/ Anterior ( to head) from primary motor cortex
+includes supplementary motor area (SMA)
=> control of movements that are initially generated rather than triggered by sensory events
=> Control of sequences of movement
+includes Premotor Area
=>projects directly to the spianak cord
=> plays a role in direct movement
=> plays a role in planning movement

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7
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

+rostral/Anterior (to head front ) to the central sulcus
+ caudal/ posterior( head back) in the frontal lobe
+located in pre central gyrus
+initiates movement & controls movement
+gets its information from motor association cortex

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8
Q

brocas area

A

+located in the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe
+involved in muscles of speak=> ability to speak
+produces sound and speak

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9
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

+causal/ posterior ( head end) to the central sulcus, rostral in the parietal lobe=> located in post central gyrus
+receives information from body senses
+functions contralateral
( left hemisphere controls right hand)

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10
Q

SOMATOSENSORY
ASSOCIATION
CORTEX

A

+caudal to the primary somatosensory cortex, caudal in
the parietal lobe
+ evaluation of sensory input by the primary somatosensory
cortex
=> receives information from the primary
somatosensory cortex
=> perceiving shapes, faces, etc.

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11
Q

VISUAL ASSOCIATION

CORTEX

A

+dorsal to the parietal lobe, rostral to the primary visual
cortex
+receives visual information from the primary visual cortex
+evaluates visual input
=> recognition of shapes, faces, …

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12
Q

PRIMARY VISUAL

CORTEX

A

+caudal to the visual association cortex; caudal in the
occipital lobe
+ receives visual information

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13
Q

AUDITORY
ASSOCIATION
CORTEX

A

+ ventral in the temporal lobe

+ processes information from the primary auditory cortex

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14
Q

PRIMARY AUDITORY

CORTEX

A

+located on the lower surface of the deep fissure (hidden)

+receives auditory information

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15
Q

THALAMUS

A

+located dorsal to the hypothalamus, near the middle of
the cerebral hemispheres
+ passes most sensory information to the cerebral cortex
+ receives sensory information related to hearing, seeing,
touching and tasting
+filtrates and sorts the incoming information
+ prioritises information
+ Communication center it receives information from different lobes, and gives it on to other brain areas
+most of the nuclei in thalamus are sensory relay nuclei- nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them and transmit them to appropriate areas of sensory cortex
- lateral geniculate nuclei( visual system)
-medial gemiculate nuclei ( auditory sytem)
-ventral posterior nuclei ( somatosensory sytem)

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16
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

+ located ventral to the thalamus
+ responsible for homeostasis of the body needs/functions
+regulation of several controlled /motivated behavior
+ control centre for appetite, sleep-wakefulness, thirst,
temperature, blood pressure, emotion & secretion of hormones
+ control of four F’s
=> fight
=> flight
=> feed
=> fuck
+ cells produce hormones
+ pituitary gland is attached to the base of the
hypothalamus
+hypothalamus reguöaes release of hormones from pituarity gland ( hormones that control sexual development promote bone & MUSCEL GROWTH
hypothalamus =>pituitary gland => hormones

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17
Q

PITUITARY GLAND

A

+ located ventral to the hypothalamus

=> sends off hormones

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18
Q

AMYGDALA

A

EMOTION CENTER
+interior of the rostral temporal lobe
+ contains a set of nuclei
+ responsible for emotions like fear and stress, anger and violence
+ responsible for memory consolidation (Festigung)
+descison making & emotional responses

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19
Q

HIPPOCAMPUS

A

+ forebrain structure of the temporal lobe
+ plays a the main role in learning and memory formation
+in particular memory or spatial location
+short term to long term memory

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20
Q

FORNIX

A

+a fibre bundle that connects the hippocampus with other
parts of the brain
+ includes / connects mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
+damage can cause difficulty in calling long-term information

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21
Q

MAMMILLARY BODIES

A

caudal to the end of the hypothalamus
+ a protrusion (Vorstehn) of the bottom of the brain
+ contains some hypothalamic nuclei
+ responsible for recording the memory
+contribites to alertes & memory formation

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22
Q

CINGULATE CORTEX

A

located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobe
+ cortex of the cingulate gyri
+receives inputs fromneocortex &thalamus
+ emotion formation & processing, learning & memory

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23
Q

LIMBIC CORTEX

A

located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres

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24
Q

AMYGDALA

A 
\+ fear processing
\+ emotion processing
\+ learning
\+ fight-or-flight response
\+ reward-processing
\+ positive emotion
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25
Q

STRIATUM

A

terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway
+ damaged in Parkinson patients
+ plays a role in memory for the consistent relationships
between stimuli and responses in multiple trial tasks
+ Caudate Nucleus:
=> the tail like structure that is part of the striatum
+ Putamen:
=> a structure that is joined to the caudate nucleus by
a series of fibre bridges

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26
Q

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

A

located between putamen and thalamus

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27
Q

MIDBRAIN

A

+ dorsal to pons, ventral to hypothalamus
+ controls basic needs
+ responsible for vision, hearing, motor control,
wakefulness, arousal, temperature regulation
+ Tectum “ceiling”:
=> consists of two pairs of small hills called colliculi
=> dorsal/superior colliculi: visual function
=> ventral/inferior colliculi: auditory function
+ Tegmentum “floor”:
=> control of movement and sensory system
=> reticular formation
ð plays a role in arousam, sleep, attention,
movement, maintenance of muscle tone,
various cardiac circulatory and respiratory
reflexes
=> substantia nigra: conatins dopamine producing cells, important role in movement & reward
=> red nucleus: important component of the
motor coordinaton
=> Periaqueductal gray=> mediating the pain reducing effects of opiate drugs

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28
Q

PONS

A

dorsal to cerebellum
+ helps to coordinate body functions
=> breathing, respiratory circuits, motor control,
posture and balance
+bridge between left & right hemisphere

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29
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

dorsal to medulla oblongata, ventral to pons
+ controls movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing
+it receives information from the sensory systems,spianl cord & other parts of the brain
+coordination of voluntary movements such as posture, speech
+balance

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30
Q

MEDULLA

OBLONGATA

A

ventral to the cerebellum
+ automatic control of breathing of lungs, beating of heart,
blood pressure and balance

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31
Q

CENTRAL FISSURE

A

the large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the

parietal lobe

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32
Q

LATERAL FISSURE

A

the large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from

the frontal lobe

33
Q

LONGITUDINAL

FISSURE

A

+the large fissure that separates the two cerebral

hemispheres

34
Q

PRECENTRAL GYRUS

A

+the gyrus located just rostral to the central fissure

+ primary motor area/cortex

35
Q

PostCENTRAL GYRUS

A

+ the gyrus located just caudal to the central fissure

+ primary somatosensory area/cortex

36
Q

SUPERIOR

TEMPORAL GYRUS

A

+the large gyrus in the temporal lobe, ventral to the lateral
fissure
+ location of auditory cortex

37
Q

CINGULATE GYRUS

A

+large gyri located on the medial surfaces of the frontal
lobes
+ dorsal the corpus callosum
responsible for fear, avoidance of negative stimuli, pain
processing, emotion, memory and self-regulation
+helps to processautonomic motor functions

38
Q

Media/ Lateral

A

towards middle/ towards outside of the spine

39
Q

Dorsal

A

towards top of head

40
Q

Ventral

A

towards the belly/ feet

41
Q

Anterior / rostal

A

towards nose

42
Q

Posterior/ caudal

A

towards “tail”, back of the head

43
Q

horizontal plane

A

cutting the brain in a way as if you would take a look from above

44
Q

Sagital plane

A

if you were looking at the brain from the side

45
Q

Coronal plane

A

if you were looking at the brain from the front

46
Q

Central nervous system

A

Division
of the nervous
system which consists of the brain and spinal cord.
-­‐ Referred to as ‘central’because
it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole
organism. Most protected system of the body
–
Covered by three meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
(see next point).

47
Q

PNS ( peripheren nervous system )

A

Contains all nerves lying outside of CNS- connects CNS to limbs and organs and skin. Consists of 2 parts - Somatic nervous system & Automatic nervous system

48
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part that interacts with the external environment

49
Q

automatic nervous system

A

part in charge of regulating the body internalenvionment

50
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Creativity, spatial ability, artistic and musical skills . plays a large part in interpreting visual information and spatial processing

51
Q

Left hemispheres

A

responsible for speech & language, comprehensive, arithmetic & writing.

52
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

The strip of parietal
cortex, just behind the central sulcus,
that receives somatosensory information
from the entire body.

53
Q

precentral gyrus

A

The strip of frontal
cortex, just in front of the central sulcus,
that is crucial for motor control.

54
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

curved fold covering the corpus covering the corpus callosum, involved in the processing emotions and behavior regulation, also regulates autonomic motor functions

55
Q

superior temporal gyri

A

in the temporal lobe,

involved with perception of emotions in facial stimuli; auditory processing

56
Q

gray matter

A

structure of cereal cortex, contains of unmeylinated, small neurons

57
Q

white matter

A

layer beneath the cortex large myelinated neurons

58
Q

cereberal cortex

A

tissue layer that covers the cerebral hemispheres

59
Q

pyramidal cells

A

large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped bodies, large dendrite that extends from apex of the pyramid straight to the cortex surface

60
Q

Stellate cells

A

small star shaped interneurons ( small axon or without), course vertically through the neocortex=> basis of the neocortexes columnar organization.

61
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

most anterior part of the cerebral cortex
+responsible for personality, behavior, emotions, +judgement,
+ planning, problem solving
+also speech: Speaking & writing (brocas area)
+Body movement
+intelligence
+concentration
+self-awareness

62
Q

parietal lobe

A

+ INterprets language, words

+analyzes sensation from the body such as touch, pad, temperature (sensory strip)

63
Q

occipital lobe

A

Interprets visual perception
+color, ligt, movement
+maily Viual input to guide our behavior

64
Q

temporal lobe

A

3 general functions
+superior temporal gyrus- involved in hearing and language-wernickes area
+minferior temporal cortex- involved in identifying complex visual patterns
+ medial temporal cortex- important for certain kind of memory

65
Q

wernickes area

A

important for the comprehension of sleep

66
Q

limbic system

A 
center of our emotions, learning and memory
associated with the regulation of motivated behaviors (fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking)
consists of 
hippocampus
amygdala 
fornix
cingulate cortex
mammilary body
septum
67
Q

septum

A

connected to mammilary bodies and amygdala and hippocampus- completing the limbic ring
Attaché to corpus callosum

68
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of forebrain nuclei, including caudate nucleus, putamen & globes pallidus - they work with the forebrain to coordinate fine motions
lesions produce movement impairment
=> parkinson, huntington

69
Q

OPTIC CHIASM

A

point at wich the optic nerves from each eye come together . is located directly below the hypothalamus

70
Q

reticular formation

A

+ controls over wich sensory signals reach cerebrum
& come to our concise attention
+ important role in states of conciouness like alertness & sleep

71
Q

brainstem

A

consist sof midbrain ( mesencephalon), the pons ( metencephalon), myelencephalon (medulla)
+ provides main motor and sensory distribution of nerves to the face and neck
+important role in the regulation of cardiac & respiratory function, it regulates the ins and helps us maintaining consciousness & regulates sleep cycle

72
Q

Brain functions

A

+processing information=> only very small amount Is selected for processing to the point at eich it enters consciousness & can be reported
+sending signals =< brain consists of many billion neurons wich signal each other
+modules& connections=> brain is modular, different parts do different things
=> Modus are interconnected, no part works without the other ( lower functions are strongly localized vs. higher levels result from intercnncetons)
+ individuality ( brains share basic anatomy but individual different due to environment => individuality)
+Plasticity=> Brain tissue can be strengthened and built up like muscle ( depending on how much we excercise it f.i playing an instrument)

73
Q

Parts of the brain we could not loose

A

Medulla(&pons)=> responsible for heart rate & regulating breathing
Amygdala=> alert for needs of basic survival sex, emotional reaction ( anger & fear)
Brain stem=> regulates breathing & heart rate, digestion
Hippocampus=> processes memories for long term storage, without we could not live in present because we would be stuck in old memories
Thalamus=> integrates& reroutes sensory information => either loose all our senses or die
Cerebellum=> voluntary movement, language, balance, memory,atttention (severe injuries in movement & speech)

74
Q

Myencephalon

A

Medullla

75
Q

metencephalon( midbrain)

A

pons + cerebellum

76
Q

Forebrain/ prosenncephalon

A

contains of the left and right hemisphere => cortex

telencephalon, diencephalon

77
Q

Midbrain/ mesencepahlon

A 
Tetum
Tegmentum 
substania nigr a
red nucleus
reticular formation
78
Q

Telencephalon

A

basal ganglia
cereberal cortex
limbic system

79
Q

Dienecephalo

A

thalamus hippo thalamus

Body&Behavior (6 decks)

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