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Heavy Aircraft Performance > Take-Off Speed and Runway Limitations > Flashcards

Take-Off Speed and Runway Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the critical engine?

A

The ENGINE whose FAILURE would MOST ADVERSELY AFFECT PERFORMANCE or HANDLING

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2
Q

What is Vef?

What is the condition of Vef?

A

The SELECTED CALIBRATED airspeed where the CRITICAL ENGINE is assumed to fail;
NOT LESS than Vmcg

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3
Q

What is V1?
What is the condition of V1?
What does this mean for the relationship between Vcmg, Vef and V1?

A

The SELECTED CALIBRATED MAXIMUM speed the crew can TAKE ACTION to REJECT TAKEOFF and STOP within RUNWAY LIMITS;
Must be NO LESS than Vef + 1 SECOND
Vmcg =/< Vef =/< V1

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4
Q

What is Vr?

What the conditions of Vr?

A

SPEED where ROTATION is initiated at approx 3 DEGREES per SECOND;
Must NOT be LESS than:
V1;
105% of Vmca ie: 1.05 x Vmca =/< Vr;
SPEED that allows V2 to be reached BEFORE 35ft HEIGHT of TAKEOFF SURFACE;
SPEED if aeroplane is at MAX PRACTICABLE RATE of ROTATION will result in Vlof

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5
Q

What is the aerodynamic limitation relationship between Vlof and Vmu?

A
  1. 05 x Vmu(N-1) =/< Vlof;

1. 10 x Vmu(N) =/< Vlof

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6
Q

What is V2?

A

The MINIMUM CLIMB SPEED at a HEIGHT of 35ft above RUNWAY SURFACE during ENGINE FAILURE

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7
Q

What are the conditions of V2min and V2?

A

V2min may NOT be LESS than:
1.13 x Vs1g (JAR) or 1.2 x Vs (FAR) for TURBOJET;
1.10 x Vmca;
V2 may NOT be LESS than:
V2min;
Vr + SPEED INCREMENT attained before 35 HEIGHT above RUNWAY

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8
Q

What is Vmbe?

What is the specific condition for calculating this value?

A

MAX BRAKE ENERGY speed;
The SPEED where the BRAKES can ABSORB and DISSIPATE the HEAT EQUAL to at least the KINETIC ENERGY at V1 ie: V1 =/< Vmbe;
NO MORE than 10% of ALLOWABLE BRAKE WEAR RANGE on each brake

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9
Q

What is Vtire?

A

MAX TYRE speed;

The MAX GROUND speed which limits TYRE STRUCTURE DAMAGE due to CENTRIFUGAL FORCES and HEAT ELEVATION ie: Vlof =/< Vtire

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10
Q

What is the definition of takeoff distance on a dry runway?

A

TOD dry = MAX of TOD(N-1) dry or 1.15 x TOD(N) dry;
DISTANCE GREATER than:
TOD(N-1) dry: BRAKE RELEASE to 35ft above RUNWAY assuming CRITICAL ENGINE FAILURE at Vef and recognised at V1;
1.15 x TOD(N) dry: 115% of BRAKE RELEASE to 35ft above RUNWAY assuming ALL ENGINES operating

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11
Q

What is the definition of takeoff distance on a wet runway?

A

TOD wet = MAX of TOD dry or TOD(N-1) wet;
DISTANCE GREATER than:
TOD dry: BRAKE RELEASE to 35ft above DRY RUNWAY assuming ALL ENGINES operating;
TOD(n-1) wet: BRAKE RELEASE to 15ft above RUNWAY ensuring V2 can be achieved BEFORE 35ft above RUNWAY and assuming CRITICAL ENGINE FAILURE at Vef and recognised at V1

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12
Q

What is the definition of take off run on a dry runway with a clearway?

A

TOR dry = MAX of TOR(N-1) dry or 1.15 TOR(N) dry;
DISTANCE GREATER than:
TOR(N-1) dry: BRAKE RELEASE to EQUIDISTANCE point between Vlof and 35ft above RUNWAY assuming CRITICAL ENGINE FAILURE at Vef and recognised at V1;
1.15 TOR(N) dry: 115% of BRAKE RELEASE to EQUIDISTANCE point between Vlof and 35ft above RUNWAY assuming ALL ENGINES operating

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13
Q

What is the definition of take off run on a wet runway with a clearway?

A

TOR wet = MAX of TOR(N-1) wet or 1.15 TOR(N) wet;
DISTANCE GREATER than:
TOR(N-1) wet: BRAKE RELEASE to 15ft above RUNWAY ensuring V2 can be achieved BEFORE 35ft above RUNWAY and assuming CRITICAL ENGINE FAILURE at Vef and recognised at V1;
1.15 TOR(N) wet: 115% of BRAKE RELEASE to EQUIDISTANCE point between Vlof and 35ft above RUNWAY assuming ALL ENGINES operating

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14
Q

What effect does a clearway have on TOD and TOR on a wet/dry runway?

A

TORA is GROUND RUN, TOD is TORA + CLEARWAY;
WITHOUT CLEARWAY: TOR EQUAL to TOD when wet or dry;
CLEARWAY on WET runway: TOR(N-1) EQUAL to TOD(N-1) so there is NO BENEFIT as TOR is the LIMITING factor

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15
Q

What is the defintion of accelerate-stop distance (N-1) on a dry runway?

A

DISTANCE GREATER than the SUM necessary to:
ACCELERATE with ALL ENGINES to Vef;
ACCELERATE from Vef to V1 (1 SECOND) assuming CRITICAL ENGINE FAILURE at Vef and takes ACTION to REJECT at V1;
Come to FULL STOP;
PLUS DISTANCE equivalent to 2 SECONDS at CONSTANT V1 speed

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16
Q

What is the defintion of accelerate-stop distance (N) on a dry runway?

A

DISTANCE GREATER than the SUM necessary to:
ACCELERATE with ALL ENGINES to V1 and takes ACTION to REJECT at V1;
Come to FULL STOP with ALL ENGINES operating NO REVERSE THRUST;
PLUS DISTANCE equivalent to 2 SECONDS at CONSTANT V1 speed

17
Q

What is the definition of accelerate stop distance on wet?

A 
GREATER of the following:
ASD dry;
ASD(N-1) wet/ASD(n-1) dry;
ASD(N) wet/ASD(N) dry;
REVERSERS may be USED as soon as the SURFACE is NOT DRY
18
Q

How does an increase in V1 affect TOD(N-1) and TOR(N-1)?

A

REDUCES BOTH as ALL ENGINE ACCELERATION is longer, so if engine FAILS at Vef the same V2 at 35ft takes LESS DISTANCE

19
Q

How does an increase in V1 affect TOD(N) and TOR(N)?

A

NO EFFECT as there is NO FAILURE

20
Q

How does an increase in V1 affect ASD(N) and ASD(N-1)?

A

INCREASES BOTH as BRAKE RELEASE to V1 is LONGER, V1 to STOP is LONGER and 2 SECOND SEGMENT is LONGER

21
Q

What is TORA?

How does it relate to TOR?

A

Length of runway DECLARED AVAILABLE by appropriate AUTHORITY suitable for GROUND RUN of aeroplane taking off;
TOR =/< TORA

22
Q

What is TODA?

What is the max TODA?

A

Length of TORA plus length of CLEARWAY AVAILABLE;

1.5 x TORA

23
Q

What is a clearway?

What are the conditions of a clearway?

A

An AREA beyond the runway which is:
CENTRALLY LOCATED about EXTENDED CENTRELINE CONTROLLED by airport AUTHORITIES;
Expressed as CLEARWAY PLANE with UPWARD SLOPE NOT EXCEEDING 1.25%;
MINIMUM WIDTH of 152m:
NO protruding OBJECTS or TERRAIN may have THRESHOLD LIGHTS if LESS than 0.66m HIGH each side of RUNWAY;
NO longer than 0.5 x TORA

24
Q

What is a stopway?

What are the conditions of a stopway?

A

AREA beyond the runway which is:
ATLEAST as WIDE as RUNWAY centred on EXTENDED CENTRELINE;
Can SUPPORT aeroplane in ABORTED TAKEOFF with NO STRUCTURAL DAMAGE to aeroplane;
Designated by airport AUTHORITIES for use in DECELERATING aeroplane in ABORTED TAKEOFF

25
Q

What is ASDA?

A

Length of TORA plus length of STOPWAY provided stopway meets required conditions

26
Q

What are the factors that affect loss of runway length due to alignment?
How does this affect ASD and TODA?

A

Aeroplane SIZE;
Aeroplane STEERING;
TAXIWAY ANGLE;
REDUCES BOTH as ASDA is taken from NOSE GEAR and TODA is taken from MAIN GEAR

Heavy Aircraft Performance (7 decks)

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