Landing Flashcards
What is the defnition of landing distance available with and without obstacle under landing path?
WITHOUT: LENGTH of RUNWAY (TORA) STOPWAY NOT included;
WITH: May be SHORTER than LENGTH of RUNWAY
Describe the lateral limits of the approach funnel with no obstacles?
Begins 60m from RUNWAY at 300m WIDE and EXTENDS at 15 DEGREES;
Describe the vertical limits of the approach funnel with obstacles?
What does this make the landing distance available?
60m GAP from DISPLACED THRESHOLD, from there, is a 2% TANGENTIAL PLANE to MOST PENALISING OBSTACLE;
DISTANCE from DISPLACED THRESHOLD to END of RUNWAY
What is the definition of Vls?
Does it differ between aeroplanes?
LOWEST SELECTABLE SPEED down to HEIGHT of 50ft;
Vls = 1.23Vs1g of ACTUAL CONFIG (fly by wire)
Vls = 1.3Vs of ACTUAL CONFIG (others)
What is the definition of Vapp?
What is it limited by?
FINAL APPROACH SPEED;
Speed 50ft HEIGHT with FLAPS/SLATS in LANDING CONFIG and GEAR EXTENDED;
Vapp >/= Vls
Are there any adjustments made to Vapp?
Explain the process of these adjustments and any limitations?
Vapp = Vls + WIND CORRECTION;
1/2 STEADY STATE HEADWIND + GUST FACTOR;
CORRECTION is limited to between 5-15kts
What is the definition of Vref?
What is Vref equal to in case of a failure in flight?
REFERENCE SPEED;
STEADY landing APPROACH speed at 50ft HEIGHT for DEFINED LANDING CONFIG;
Vref = Vls in CONF FULL
In the case of a failure in flight, is there another correction factor to Vapp?
Vapp = Vref + △Vinop
What is the definition of actual landing distance during a manual landing?
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE to come to COMPLETE STOP from point 50ft HEIGHT in the LANDING CONFIG with a STABILISED APPROACH that has CAS of Vls down to 50ft
What conditions must be achieved to determine actual landing distance in a manual landing?
Standard TEMPERATURE;
Landing CONFIG;
STABILISED APPROACH at Vls (or Vmcl if GREATER) for MANUAL LANDING CONFIG;
NON-EXCESSIVE VERTICAL ACCELERATION;
Determination on LEVEL, SMOOTH, DRY, HARD runway;
Acceptable PRESSURE on wheel BRAKING;
BRAKING means OTHER than WHEEL BRAKES such as SPOILERS, REVERSERS (NOT on DRY) used when SAFE and RELIABLE
What are actual landing distances certified for?
DRY runways for ALL AIRBUS;
CONTAMINATED and ICY runways for ALL FLY BY WIRE
What wind components are considered in landing distance available?
NOT MORE than 50% OPPOSITE to landing DIRECTION;
NOT LESS than 150% in DIRECTION of landing
What is the definition of the landing distance available on dry runway during auto-landing?
How does it compare to manual landing distance?
Da (airborne phase) + Dg (ground phase);
Both phases are LONGER than MANUAL LANDING
What is the definition of approach climb?
What is the aeroplane configuration during approach climb?
Aeroplanes CLIMB ABILITY assuming 1 ENGINE INOPERATIVE GA PERFORMANCE based on APPROACH CONFIG NOT LANDING; 1 ENGINE INOPERATIVE; TOGA THRUST; GEAR RETRACTED; SLATS/FLAPS in APPROACH CONFIG (2 or 3); 1.23Vs1g =/< V =/< 1.41Vs1g; V >/= Vmcl
What is the minimum gradient for approach climb?
TWIN: 2.1%;
QUAD: 2.7%
What is the definition of a landing climb?
What is the aeroplane configuration during a landing climb?
Aeroplanes CLIMB ABILITY in MISSED APPROACH with ALL ENGINES OPERATING GA PERFORMANCE based on LANDING CONFIG;
ALL ENGINES OPERATIVE;
THRUST AVAILABLE 8 seconds after lever moves from IDLE to TOGA thrust;
GEAR EXTENDED;
SLATS/FLAPS in LANDING CONFIG (3 or FULL);
1.13Vs1g =/< V =/< 1.23Vs1g;
V >/= Vmcl
What is the minimum gradient for landing climb?
3.2% for ALL aeroplanes
How does an increase in pressure altitude change the landing distance and air climb gradients?
Landing DISTANCE INCREASES: Due to DECREASE in DENSITY and INCREASE in TAS;
AIR CLIMB GRADIENTS DECREASE: Due to DECREASE in ENGINE THRUST
How does an increase in temperature change the air climb gradients?
AIR CLIMB GRADIENTS DECREASE: Due to DECREASE in ENGINE THRUST when TEMP EXCEEDS Tref
How does an increase in friction coefficient and precipitation drag change landing distance?
BOTH DECREASE landing DISTANCE
How does bleed air on change the air climb gradient?
AIR CLIMB GRADIENT DECREASES: Due to a DECREASE in ENGINE THRUST
How does an increase in wing flap deflection change landing distance and air climb gradient?
Landing DISTANCE DECREASES: Due to INCREASE in CL and SURFACE AREA causing DECREASE in SPEED;
AIR CLIMB GRADIENT DECREASES: Due to INCREASE in DRAG and DECREASE in PERFORMANCE
What assumptions are made when determining required landing distance?
Aeroplane lands on MOST FAVOURABLE runway in STILL AIR;
The aeroplane will land on runway MOST LIKELY to be ASSIGNED considering WIND, GROUND HANDLING of aeroplane, LANDING AIDS, TERRAIN, etc.
When must operators take into account runway slope?
When it is GREATER than +/- 2% otherwise it is NULL
What are the length requirements for landing on a dry runway?
RLD dry = ALD / 0.6 =/< LDA;
LANDING WEIGHT permits landing within 60% of LDA at DESTINATION and ANY ALTERNATE
What are the length requirements for landing on a wet runway?
RLD wet = 1.15 RLD dry =/< LDA;
RLD must be AT LEAST 115% of the RDL on DRY runway
What are the length requirements for landing on a contaminated runway?
RLD contaminated GREATER of:
1.15 ALD contaminated or;
RLD wet;
(ALD: 115% of LD determined in accordance with approved contaminated landing distance data)
What are the landing performance speeds for contaminated runways?
SPEED 50ft HEIGHT must be between:
1.23Vs1g =/< V =/< 1.23Vs1g + 10kts
What are the length requirements for landing on a dry runway with automatic landing?
RLD automatic GREATER of:
1.15 ALD automatic OR;
RLD manual;
(ALD: 115% of actual landing distance in automatic landing)
What are the go around required climb gradients for both normal and Cat II/III approaches?
NORMAL: 2.1% (TWIN), 2.7% (QUAD)
CAT II/III: 2.5% OR PUBLISHED whichever is GREATER
What are the 2 limitations of landing weight?
MAX STRUCTURAL landing WEIGHT;
MAX PERFORMANCE landing WEIGHT
What are the overweight landing requirements?
What is the aeroplanes structural resistance certified to?
EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS allow immediate landing provided pilots follow ABNORMAL OVERWEIGHT PROCEDURE;
LANDING at MTOW at -360ft/min
When must an aeroplane have a fuel jettison system?
When MTOW - WEIGHT of FUEL for 15 MINUTE FLIGHT including TAKEOFF, APPROACH, and LANDING at DEPARTURE airport is MORE than MAX GO-AROUND WEIGHT
