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Heavy Aircraft Performance > Landing > Flashcards

Landing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defnition of landing distance available with and without obstacle under landing path?

A

WITHOUT: LENGTH of RUNWAY (TORA) STOPWAY NOT included;
WITH: May be SHORTER than LENGTH of RUNWAY

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2
Q

Describe the lateral limits of the approach funnel with no obstacles?

A

Begins 60m from RUNWAY at 300m WIDE and EXTENDS at 15 DEGREES;

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3
Q

Describe the vertical limits of the approach funnel with obstacles?
What does this make the landing distance available?

A

60m GAP from DISPLACED THRESHOLD, from there, is a 2% TANGENTIAL PLANE to MOST PENALISING OBSTACLE;
DISTANCE from DISPLACED THRESHOLD to END of RUNWAY

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4
Q

What is the definition of Vls?

Does it differ between aeroplanes?

A

LOWEST SELECTABLE SPEED down to HEIGHT of 50ft;
Vls = 1.23Vs1g of ACTUAL CONFIG (fly by wire)
Vls = 1.3Vs of ACTUAL CONFIG (others)

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5
Q

What is the definition of Vapp?

What is it limited by?

A

FINAL APPROACH SPEED;
Speed 50ft HEIGHT with FLAPS/SLATS in LANDING CONFIG and GEAR EXTENDED;
Vapp >/= Vls

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6
Q

Are there any adjustments made to Vapp?

Explain the process of these adjustments and any limitations?

A

Vapp = Vls + WIND CORRECTION;
1/2 STEADY STATE HEADWIND + GUST FACTOR;
CORRECTION is limited to between 5-15kts

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7
Q

What is the definition of Vref?

What is Vref equal to in case of a failure in flight?

A

REFERENCE SPEED;
STEADY landing APPROACH speed at 50ft HEIGHT for DEFINED LANDING CONFIG;
Vref = Vls in CONF FULL

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8
Q

In the case of a failure in flight, is there another correction factor to Vapp?

A

Vapp = Vref + △Vinop

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9
Q

What is the definition of actual landing distance during a manual landing?

A

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE to come to COMPLETE STOP from point 50ft HEIGHT in the LANDING CONFIG with a STABILISED APPROACH that has CAS of Vls down to 50ft

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10
Q

What conditions must be achieved to determine actual landing distance in a manual landing?

A

Standard TEMPERATURE;
Landing CONFIG;
STABILISED APPROACH at Vls (or Vmcl if GREATER) for MANUAL LANDING CONFIG;
NON-EXCESSIVE VERTICAL ACCELERATION;
Determination on LEVEL, SMOOTH, DRY, HARD runway;
Acceptable PRESSURE on wheel BRAKING;
BRAKING means OTHER than WHEEL BRAKES such as SPOILERS, REVERSERS (NOT on DRY) used when SAFE and RELIABLE

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11
Q

What are actual landing distances certified for?

A

DRY runways for ALL AIRBUS;

CONTAMINATED and ICY runways for ALL FLY BY WIRE

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12
Q

What wind components are considered in landing distance available?

A

NOT MORE than 50% OPPOSITE to landing DIRECTION;

NOT LESS than 150% in DIRECTION of landing

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13
Q

What is the definition of the landing distance available on dry runway during auto-landing?
How does it compare to manual landing distance?

A

Da (airborne phase) + Dg (ground phase);

Both phases are LONGER than MANUAL LANDING

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14
Q

What is the definition of approach climb?

What is the aeroplane configuration during approach climb?

A 
Aeroplanes CLIMB ABILITY assuming 1 ENGINE INOPERATIVE GA PERFORMANCE based on APPROACH CONFIG NOT LANDING; 
1 ENGINE INOPERATIVE;
TOGA THRUST;
GEAR RETRACTED;
SLATS/FLAPS in APPROACH CONFIG (2 or 3);
1.23Vs1g =/< V =/< 1.41Vs1g;
V >/= Vmcl
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15
Q

What is the minimum gradient for approach climb?

A

TWIN: 2.1%;
QUAD: 2.7%

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16
Q

What is the definition of a landing climb?

What is the aeroplane configuration during a landing climb?

A

Aeroplanes CLIMB ABILITY in MISSED APPROACH with ALL ENGINES OPERATING GA PERFORMANCE based on LANDING CONFIG;
ALL ENGINES OPERATIVE;
THRUST AVAILABLE 8 seconds after lever moves from IDLE to TOGA thrust;
GEAR EXTENDED;
SLATS/FLAPS in LANDING CONFIG (3 or FULL);
1.13Vs1g =/< V =/< 1.23Vs1g;
V >/= Vmcl

17
Q

What is the minimum gradient for landing climb?

A

3.2% for ALL aeroplanes

18
Q

How does an increase in pressure altitude change the landing distance and air climb gradients?

A

Landing DISTANCE INCREASES: Due to DECREASE in DENSITY and INCREASE in TAS;
AIR CLIMB GRADIENTS DECREASE: Due to DECREASE in ENGINE THRUST

19
Q

How does an increase in temperature change the air climb gradients?

A

AIR CLIMB GRADIENTS DECREASE: Due to DECREASE in ENGINE THRUST when TEMP EXCEEDS Tref

20
Q

How does an increase in friction coefficient and precipitation drag change landing distance?

A

BOTH DECREASE landing DISTANCE

21
Q

How does bleed air on change the air climb gradient?

A

AIR CLIMB GRADIENT DECREASES: Due to a DECREASE in ENGINE THRUST

22
Q

How does an increase in wing flap deflection change landing distance and air climb gradient?

A

Landing DISTANCE DECREASES: Due to INCREASE in CL and SURFACE AREA causing DECREASE in SPEED;
AIR CLIMB GRADIENT DECREASES: Due to INCREASE in DRAG and DECREASE in PERFORMANCE

23
Q

What assumptions are made when determining required landing distance?

A

Aeroplane lands on MOST FAVOURABLE runway in STILL AIR;
The aeroplane will land on runway MOST LIKELY to be ASSIGNED considering WIND, GROUND HANDLING of aeroplane, LANDING AIDS, TERRAIN, etc.

24
Q

When must operators take into account runway slope?

A

When it is GREATER than +/- 2% otherwise it is NULL

25
Q

What are the length requirements for landing on a dry runway?

A

RLD dry = ALD / 0.6 =/< LDA;

LANDING WEIGHT permits landing within 60% of LDA at DESTINATION and ANY ALTERNATE

26
Q

What are the length requirements for landing on a wet runway?

A

RLD wet = 1.15 RLD dry =/< LDA;

RLD must be AT LEAST 115% of the RDL on DRY runway

27
Q

What are the length requirements for landing on a contaminated runway?

A

RLD contaminated GREATER of:
1.15 ALD contaminated or;
RLD wet;
(ALD: 115% of LD determined in accordance with approved contaminated landing distance data)

28
Q

What are the landing performance speeds for contaminated runways?

A

SPEED 50ft HEIGHT must be between:

1.23Vs1g =/< V =/< 1.23Vs1g + 10kts

29
Q

What are the length requirements for landing on a dry runway with automatic landing?

A

RLD automatic GREATER of:
1.15 ALD automatic OR;
RLD manual;
(ALD: 115% of actual landing distance in automatic landing)

30
Q

What are the go around required climb gradients for both normal and Cat II/III approaches?

A

NORMAL: 2.1% (TWIN), 2.7% (QUAD)

CAT II/III: 2.5% OR PUBLISHED whichever is GREATER

31
Q

What are the 2 limitations of landing weight?

A

MAX STRUCTURAL landing WEIGHT;

MAX PERFORMANCE landing WEIGHT

32
Q

What are the overweight landing requirements?

What is the aeroplanes structural resistance certified to?

A

EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS allow immediate landing provided pilots follow ABNORMAL OVERWEIGHT PROCEDURE;
LANDING at MTOW at -360ft/min

33
Q

When must an aeroplane have a fuel jettison system?

A

When MTOW - WEIGHT of FUEL for 15 MINUTE FLIGHT including TAKEOFF, APPROACH, and LANDING at DEPARTURE airport is MORE than MAX GO-AROUND WEIGHT

Heavy Aircraft Performance (7 decks)

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