Climbing, Descending and Holding Flashcards
What is the definition of angle of attack, climb gradient, aircraft attitude, and rate of climb? DRAW
AoA: ANGLE between AIRCRAFT AXIS and AERODYNAMIC AXIS;
CLIMB GRADIENT: ANGLE between HORIZONTAL AXIS and AERODYNAMIC AXIS;
ATTITUDE: ANGLE between HORIZONTAL AXIS and AIRCRAFT AXIS;
RoC: VERTICAL COMPONENT of aircraft SPEED
When is climb gradient at a maximum at a given weight and engine rating?
THRUST - DRAG is MAX ie: DRAG is MIN / BEST L/D / GREEN DOT / DRIFT DOWN SPEED;
BEST ALTITUDE for HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
What is rate of climb at a maximum at a given weight?
TAS x (THRUST - DRAG) is MAX ie: Pthrust - Pdrag is MAX; BEST ALTITUDE for TIME
When increasing altitude, temperature, and weight, how does climb gradient and rate of climb change?
PA: BOTH DECREASE
TEMP: BOTH DECREASE
WEIGHT: BOTH DECREASE
How does a headwind change rate of climb, fuel and time to top of climb, flight path angle, and ground distance to top of climb? DRAW
RoC and FUEL/TIME to ToC: CONSTANT;
FLIGHT PATH ANGLE: INCREASES;
GROUND DISTANCE to ToC: DECREASES
What is the definition of a climb ceiling?
Why is it this value?
When RATE of CLIMB is EQUAL to 300ft/min;
Any MORE than this is both TIME and FUEL CONSUMING
What are the 3 legal climb speed phases?
BELOW 10000ft: LIMITED to 250KIAS;
ABOVE 10000ft: ACCELERATES to MORE OPTIMUM SPEED but LIMITED to M0.78;
ABOVE CROSSOVER ALTITUDE: SPEED which AVOIDS HIGH SPEED BUFFETING
What speed gives a maximum climb gradient?
What speed gives a maximum climb rate?
What speed gives a minimum climb cost?
GRADIENT: GREEN DOT;
RATE: Vy;
COST: 250kt/IAS econ/M econ
What climb speed is optimum for when cost index is 0 and maximum?
CI = 0 (FUEL EXPENSIVE): Vy CI = CI MAX (TIME EXPENSIVE): Mmo - 0.005M / Vmo - 10kt
What is the cabin rate of climb limited to?
1000ft/min
When is the descent gradient minimum for a given weight?
What advanatge does this give us?
With MINIMUM DRAG / MAX L/D / GREEN DOT;
MAX RANGE
When is rate of descent minimum for a given weight?
What advantage does this give us?
TAS x DRAG is MINIMUM LESS than GREEN DOT;
MAX TIME
How does a decrease in altitude and increase in temperature change descent gradient and rate of descent at a given weight and TAS?
Is this realistic?
In BOTH cases DENSITY INCREASES so DRAG INCREASES since GRADIENT and RATE are proportional to DRAG they will BOTH INCREASE;
It is INCONCLUSIVE as DESCENT is made at CONSTANT IAS or MACH NOT TAS
How does an increase in weight change descent gradient and rate of descent
DECREASES BOTH due to L = W cos(DESCENT RATE)
How does a headwind change rate of descent, fuel and time to top of descent, flight path angle, and ground distance to top of descent? DRAW
RoC and FUEL/TIME to ToD: CONSTANT;
FLIGHT PATH ANGLE: INCREASES;
GROUND DISTANCE to ToD: DECREASES
How is descent at minimum gradient achieved?
How is descent at minimum rate achieved?
How is descent at minimum cost achieved?
GRADIENT: GREEN DOT;
RATE: LESS than GREEN DOT;
COST: MACH econ/IAS econ/250kt
What descent speed is optimum for when cost index is 0 and maximum?
CI = 0 (FUEL EXPENSIVE): MIN DESCENT SPEED CI = CI MAX (TIME EXPENSIVE): Mmo - 0.005M / Vmo - 10kt
What is the procedure for an emergency descent?
Get to FL100 at MAX RATE of DESCENT;
DESCEND at Mmo or Vmo with EXTENDED AIR BRAKES if required
How does the cabin descent work?
What are its rates of operation?
CALCULATES a CABIN DESCENT TIME at selected RATE so that CABIN PRESSURE reaches LANDING FIELD PRESSURE +0.1 psi just before landing;
DEFAULT DESCENT: 350ft/min;
MAX DESCENT: -750ft/min
What happens if the cabin descent time is longer than the aeroplane descent time?
What can we use on a descent chart to determine whether this may happen at the given altitude?
Requires a REPRESSURISATION SEGMENT where aeroplane VERTICAL SPEED is LIMITED to permit CABIN REPRESSURISATION;
N1 THRUST is NOT SET to IDLE
What is the optimum holding speed?
MIN FUEL CONSUMPTION: Between MIN DRAG SPEED and MAX L/D SPEED which are close meaning in CLEAN CONFIG SPEED is GREEN DOT
When climbing at constant IAS, how do TAS and MACH change?
BOTH INCREASE
When climbing at constant TAS, how do IAS and MACH change?
BOTH INCREASE
When climbing at constant Mach, how do IAS and TAS change?
BOTH DECREASE
