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Heavy Aircraft Performance > Climb Limitations > Flashcards

Climb Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between takeoff path and takeoff flight path?

A

PATH: STANDING START to 1500ft HEIGHT above TAKEOFF SURFACE or HEIGHT where TRANSITION from TAKEOFF to ENROUTE CONFIG is completed with FINAL TAKEOFF SPEED reached;
FLIGHT PATH: SAME but starts at 35ft HEIGHT;
Assume CRITICAL ENGINE FAILS at Vef and V2 is reached before 35ft and continues at this speed to 400ft

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2
Q

When does each of the 4 segments of the takeoff flight path start?

A

1) V2 at 35 ft HEIGHT;
2) GEAR FULLY RETRACTED;
3) ACCELERATION HEIGHT reached (min 400ft);
4) ENROUTE CONFIG achieved

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3
Q

What are the twin climb gradients and speeds for each takeoff segment?

A

1) 0.0% V2;
2) 2.4% V2;
3) N/A ACCELERATION from V2 to GREEN DOT;
4) 1.2% GREEN DOT

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4
Q

What are the slats/flaps config, landing gear config and ground effect for each takeoff segment?

A

1) TAKE OFF, RETRACTION, WITHOUT;
2) TAKEOFF, RETRACTED, WITHOUT;
3) RETRACTION, RETRACTED, WITHOUT;
4) CLEAN, RETRACTED, WITHOUT

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5
Q

What are the engine ratings and weight references for each takeoff segment?

A

1) TOGA/FLEX, Weight at START of GEAR RETRACTION;
2) TOGA/FLEX, Weight when GEAR is FULLY RETRACTED;
3) TOGA/FLEX, Weight at START of ACCELERATION segment;
4) MCT, Weight at END of ACCELERATION segment

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6
Q

What is minimum acceleration height?

A

Must reach V2 BEFORE 35ft and must CONTINUE at NO LESS than V2 until 400ft HEIGHT above surface

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7
Q

What is maximum acceleration height?

A

Within MAX of 10 MINUTES after takeoff in case of ENGINE FAILURE and 10 MINUTES at TOGA since ENROUTE CONFIG must be achieved by then (MCT)

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8
Q

What are the turning restrictions around takeoff?

A

NO TRACK CHANGES until NET takeoff flight path has HEIGHT equal to 1.5 x WINGSPAN but NOT LESS than 50ft ELEVATION;
BELOW 200ft: 15 degrees;
BETWEEN 200ft and 400ft: 15 degrees;
ABOVE 400ft: 25 degrees (JAR) 15 degrees (FAR)

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9
Q

What is the definition of gross flight path?
What is the definition of net flight path?
What is the relationship between the 2?

A

GROSS: Takeoff path ACTUALLY FLOWN by aeroplane, CLIMB GRADIENT;
NET: GROSS flight path MINUS MANDATORY REDUCTION of 0.8% for 2 ENGINE 1.0% for QUAD, OBSTACLES;
NET GRADIENT = GROSS GRADIENT - GRADIENT PENALTY

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10
Q

What is the condition of the net flight path?

A

CLEARS ALL OBSTACLES by vertical distance of ATLEAST 35ft

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11
Q

What are the obstacle clearance limitations while turning?

A

BANK ANGLE =/< 15 degrees: 35ft

BANK ANGLE > 15 degrees: 50ft

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12
Q

What does the JAR departure sector with track change =/< 15 degrees look like?

A

From START of takeoff flight PATH to START of DEPARTURE SECTOR 1/2Eo = 90m (75m in NZ) or 60m + 0.5WINGSPAN;
From START of DEPARTURE SECTOR expands at 12.5% or 7.1 degrees ie: 1/2Eo + 0.125D (D is distance from clearway) until 1/2E = 300m with SUFFICIENT NAVAID ACCURACY or 1/2E = 600m OTHERWISE

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13
Q

What does the JAR departure sector with track change > 15 degrees look like?
When does the departure sector start?

A

At START of takeoff flight PATH 1/2Eo = 90m (75m in NZ) or 60m + 0.5WINGSPAN;
From START of takeoff flight PATH expands at 12.5% or 7.1 degrees ie: 1/2Eo + 0.125D (D is distance from START of takeoff flight path) until 1/2E = 600m with SUFFICIENT NAVAID ACCURACY or 1/2E = 900m OTHERWISE;
If TURN STARTS BEFORE END of TODA it is at END of TOD;
If TURN STARTS AFTER END of TODA it is at END of TODA

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14
Q

What does the FAR departure sector look like?

A

From START of takeoff flight path to AIRPORT BOUNDARY 1/2E = 200ft either side of CENTRELINE;
From AIRPORT BOUNDARY and beyond 1/2E = 300ft either side of CENTRELINE

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15
Q

What outside elements are taken into account when determining max takeoff mass?

A

NO MORE than 50% of REPORTED HEADWIND or NOT LESS than 150% of REPORTED TAILWIND;
PRESSURE ALTITUDE;
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE;
Runway SLOPE;
Runway SURFACE CONDITION and TYPE of SURFACE

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16
Q

How does an increase in pressure altitude takeoff performance and takeoff weight?

A

THRUST REDUCES;
Takeoff DISTANCES INCREASE;
Takeoff CLIMB GRADIENTS DECREASE;
MTOW DECREASES

17
Q

How does an increase in temperature takeoff performance and takeoff weight?

A

THRUST REDUCES after Tref;
Takeoff DISTANCES INCREASE;
Takeoff CLIMB GRADIENTS DECREASE;
MTOW DECREASES

18
Q

How does slope affect takeoff distance and accelerate stop distance?

A

UPWARD: Takeoff DISTANCE INCREASES, ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE DECREASES;
DOWNWARD: Takeoff DISTANCE DECREASES, ACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE INCREASES;

19
Q

What is the definition of a dry runway?

A

Niether WET nor CONTAMINATED and includes PAVED runways prepared with GROOVES OR POROUS and retain EFFECTIVELY DRY BRAKING even with MOISTURE

20
Q

What is the definition of a damp runway?

A

Surface NOT DRY but when MOISTURE is PRESENT it does NOT have SHINY APPEARANCE

21
Q

What is the definition of a wet runway?

A

COVERED with WATER or EQUIVALENT with a DEPTH LESS than or EQUAL to 3mm OR when there is SUFFICIENT MOISTURE that it APPEARS REFLECTIVE but WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT AREAS of STANDING WATER

22
Q

What is the definition of a contaminated runway?

A 
When MORE than 25% of the SURFACE AREA within REQUIRED LENGTHand WIDTH used is covered by:
STANDING WATER MORE than 3mm;
SLUSH;
WET SNOW;
DRY SNOW;
COMPACTED SNOW;
ICE
23
Q

What do hard and fluid contaminants do?

A

HARD: REDUCE FRICTION forces
FLUID: REDUCE FRICTION forces, cause PRECIPITATION DRAG, and AQUAPLANING

24
Q

What is precipitation drag?

A

DISPLACEMENT DRAG: DISPLACEMENT of FLUID from PATH of TYRE

SPRAY IMPINGEMENT DRAG: SPRAY thrown from WHEELS to FUSELAGE

25
Q

What is aquaplaning?

What is the formula for aquaplaning?

A

WATER FILM is created between RUNWAY and WHEEL REDUCING DRY area and at HIGH SPEEDS WATER CANNOT be squeezed out, leading to NEGLIGIBLE TRACTION, BRAKING and STEERING;
Vaqua = 34 x (Ptyre/Specific Gravity)^0.5

26
Q

How does the screen height change on a wet/contaminated runway?

A

HEIGHT at end of TOD is 15ft and NET takeoff flight path begins at 35ft, therefore, GROSS takeoff flight path starts at 15ft which means the aeroplane may only CLEAR OBSTACLES initially by 15ft

27
Q

Why does a wet/contaminated runway change the takeoff weight?

A

THRUST REVERSERS can be used in CALCULATION of TOD and ASD so TOW can be INCREASED but NOT EXCEED MTOW on DRY runway

28
Q

What information do the regulatory takeoff weight harts provide?

A

MTOW;
V1, Vr, V2;
LIMITATION CODES;
MIN and MAX ACCELERATION HEIGHTS

29
Q

What is a flexible takeoff?
Why can it be performed?
What are the benefits of it?

A

Takeoff at REDUCED THRUST (FLEXIBLE THRUST);
ACTUAL takeoff WEIGHT often LOWER than MTOW;
INCREASE ENGINE LIFE and RELIABILITY, REDUCES MAINTENANCE

30
Q

How is a flexible takeoff performed?

What is the relationship between Tflex, Tref, OAT and Tflexmax?

A

CALCULATED ACTUAL TOW is used in THRUST to TEMPERATURE graph;
The INTERCEPT of the NEEDED THRUST and EGT LIMIT gives a FLEX TEMPERATURE which is used as the input temperature of the engine monitoring computer;
The MAX FLEX TEMP CANNOT EXCEED a 25% REDUCTION from MAX takeoff THRUST;
Tref < Tflex =/< Tflexmax;
OAT < Tflex

31
Q

What are the limitations on flexible takeoffs?

A

NO CONTAMINATED;

NO WET UNLESS suitable performance accountability is made for INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE

32
Q

What is a derated takeoff?

What are the differences in limitations compared to flex takeoff?

A

Takeoff with THRUST LESS than MAX established in FLIGHT MANUAL as a set of LIMITATIONS and DATA; Considered as NORMAL takeoff OPERATING LIMIT;
Allowed on WET and CONTAMINATED runways

33
Q

How does a derated takeoff affect Vmcg/vmca, MTWO and ASD?

A

REDUCES Vmcg/Vmca;
INCREASES MTOW on SHORT runway;
REDUCES ASD

34
Q

When can TOGA settings be selected in flex and derated takeoffs?

A

FLEX: As REQUIRED;
DERATED: Not until AIRBORNE and ABOVE MIN FLAP RETRACTION SPEED

35
Q

Can a flex and derated takeoff be combined?

A

According to Airbus, NO

Heavy Aircraft Performance (7 decks)

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