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Heavy Aircraft Performance > Appendices > Flashcards

Appendices Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of PCN and ACN?

What factors affect these values?

A

PCN: Number that expresses the LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY of a PAVEMENT;
ACN: Relative effect of an aircraft at a GIVEN CONFIG on a PAVEMENT structure dependant on WEIGHT, PRESSURE, NUMBER of TYRES

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2
Q

What do each of the 4 letters in ACN/PCN represent

A

1) FLEXIBLE (F) or RIGID (R);
2) HIGH (A) MEDIUM (B) LOW (C) VERY/ULTRA LOW (D);
3) TRYE PRESSURE;
4) TECHNICAL (T) or USAGE (U)

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3
Q

How can the ACN/PCN system be used to determine if a landing can be made?

A

If ACN is LOWER than PCN land without any other consideration;
If ACN is slightly HIGHER than PCN land with caution and ARRANGE with AIRPORT COMPANY;
If ACN is much HIGHER than PCN do NOT land

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4
Q

What is the process of converting centre of gravity location from inches to percentage of MAC?

A 
IDENTIFY CoG in INCHES from DATUM;
IDENTIFY LE of MAC in INCHES from DATUM;
SUBTRACT LEMAC from CoG position;
DIVIDE DIFFERENCE by LENGTH of MAC;
MULTIPLY by 100

%MAC = ((CoG - LEMAC)/MAC) x 100

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5
Q

What is the speed where a low speed rejected takeoff becomes a high speed?
When may a low speed or high speed rejected takeoff be initiated?
When at V1 should the captain perform a rejected takeoff?

A

80kt;
LOW: For any MASTER CAUTION/WARNING;
HIGH: Any FIRE, ENGINE FAILURE or FAILURE which the CAPTAIN deems UNSAFE to CONTINUE;
NOT UNLESS it is UNSAFE to CONTINUE

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6
Q

What are the sequence of actions taken initially when deciding to reject the takeoff?

A

CLOSE THRUST LEVERS;
Apply MAX BRAKING or MONITOR AUTO BRAKING;
Select GROUND/AIR SPOILERS for AERODYNAMIC DRAG and INCREASE EFFECTIVENESS of BRAKES;
Select REVERSE THRUST

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7
Q

What are the considerations following initial actions of a low speed rejected takeoff?

A

MEMORY ITEMS;
Address FAILURES;
COMMUNICATE with ATC and CABIN CREW;
Decide to TAXI or HOLD on runway

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8
Q

What are the considerations following initial actions of a high speed rejected takeoff?

A 
MEMORY ITEMS;
Address FAILURES;
COMMUNICATE with ATC, FIRE and CABIN CREW;
STOP on runway;
Complete BRAKE ENERGY CALCULATIONS
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9
Q

What are the implications of aeroplane maintenance if a high speed takeoff is rejected?

A

Can become its OWN EMERGENCY;
BRAKES can OVERHEAT and catch FIRE;
FUSE PLUGS MELT/NOT able to TAXI;
PAX EVACUATION

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10
Q

How does an engine fire compare to engine failure during the take off?

A

FAILURE: IMMEDIATE LOSS of 50% of THRUST;
FIRE: Assumed to have FULL THRUST until ENGINE SHUTDOWN at 400ft after COMMUNICATING, CONFIRMING, and doing MEMORY ITEMS

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11
Q

If a fuel leak is discovered what are some considerations and actions the pilots must do?

A 
DAMAGE through FIRE;
Enough to DIVERT;
CHECKLIST may require ENGINE SHUTDOWN;
LOCATION of LEAK (TANK or ENGINE);
CROSSFEED both TANKS to ENGINE on opposite side of leak until tank is ALMOST EMPTY to AVOID pumping AIR
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12
Q

What effect does normal fuel consumption have on the aerodynamics have on aeroplane?

A

CoG moves FORWARD causing DECREASED EFFICIENCY

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13
Q

What is the commital height?

Does it change? Why?

A

HEIGHT when BELOW COMMITTED to LANDING;

Depends on PERFORMANCE of aeroplane ie: NO COMMITAL HEIGHT for JETS

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14
Q

How is minimum turnaround time determined?

A

LIMITED by BRAKE ENERGY;

(ENERGY from LAST LANDING + ENERGY for TAXI + ENERGY for RTO) - ENERGY DISSIPATION during TURNAROUND

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15
Q

What are the conditions for icing in flight?

What is this definition used for?

A

TAT =/< 10°C and SAT =/< -40°C and VISIBILITY =/< 1600m OR;
VISUALLY CONFIRMED by ice BUILD UP;
When ANTI ICE is REQUIRED

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16
Q

What are the conditions for icing on the ground?

A

OAT =/< 10°C and VISIBILITY =/< 1600m OR;

VISIBLE MOISTURE

17
Q

What is the effect of extremely low temperatures on the altimeter?

A

When TEMP is COLDER than ISA TRUE ALTITUDE is LOWER than INDICATED ALTITUDE;
ERRORS are significantly larger when SURFACE TEMP is -30°C or COLDER

18
Q

When should cold temperature corrections be applied?

What action must be taken when applying corrections?

A 
During QNH and QFE operations;
MDA/DA;
MAp altitudes;
MIN DEPARTURE, ENROUTE and APPROACH altitude;
ADVISE ATC
19
Q

When shouldn’t cold temperature corrections be applied?

A

REPORTED TEMP ABOVE 0°C;
AIRPORT TEMP is AT or ABOVE MIN PUBLISHED for procedure;
ALTIMETER BAROMETRIC REFERENCE settings;
UNDER RADAR CONTROL

20
Q

What are the sustained parameters for takeoff optimisation? (12)

A 
RUNWAY;
CLEARWAY;
STOPWAY;
ELEVATION;
SLOPE;
OBSTACLES;
TEMP;
PRESSURE;
WIND;
Runway CONDITION;
ANTI ICE;
Aeroplane STATUS
21
Q

What are the free parameters for takeoff optimisation?

A

Takeoff CONFIG;
AIR CONDITIONING;
V1;
V2

22
Q

What is the definition of optimum configuration?

A

One that provides HIGHEST MTOW

23
Q

How does air conditioning change takeoff optimisation?

A

When ON it DECREASES AVAILABLE POWER and DEGRADES takeoff PERFORMANCE

24
Q

What is the V1/Vr range?

Why is it limited to these values?

A

0.84 =/< V1/Vr =/< 1;

LOWER than 0.84 makes TOD too LONG

25
Q

What are the minimum V2 speeds for normal and fly by wire aeroplanes?

A

NORMAL: 1.2Vs

FLY BY WIRE: 1.13Vs1g

26
Q

How does an increase in V1/Vr change maximum takeoff weight?

What is it limited by? DRAW

A

INCREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: TOD(N-1), TOR(n-1), OBSTACLES;
DECREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: ASD(N or N-1), BRAKE ENERGY;
NO INFLUENCE on MTOW LIMITED by: TOD(N), TOR(N), FIRST/SECOND/FINAL takeoff segment, TRYE SPEED

27
Q

In general, what happens when there is an increase in V2/Vs?

A

INCREASES DISTANCES on GROUND as ACCELERATION PHASE INCREASES due to MORE ENERGY required

28
Q

Does an increase in V2 change the ASD?

A

INDIRECTLY by causing Vr to INCREASE so for a given V1/Vr ratio V1 must also INCREASE

29
Q

How does an increase in V2/Vs change maximum takeoff weight?

What is it limited by? DRAW

A

INCREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: FIRST/SECOND takeoff segment, OBSTACLES;
DECREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: TOD(N-1), TOR(n-1), TOD(N), TOR(N), ASD(N or N-1), BRAKE ENERGY, TRYE SPEED;
NO INFLUENCE on MTOW LIMITED by: FINAL takeoff segment

30
Q

What is the result of optimisation process?

A

HIGHEST possible MTOW;
OPTIMUM V1/Vr ratio;
OPTIMUM V2/Vs ratio

31
Q

What is the definition of balance field?

A

INTERCEPT between TOD(n-1) and ASD;

MTOW is EQUALLY LIMITED by TOD(n-1) and ASD

Heavy Aircraft Performance (7 decks)

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