Appendices Flashcards
What is the definition of PCN and ACN?
What factors affect these values?
PCN: Number that expresses the LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY of a PAVEMENT;
ACN: Relative effect of an aircraft at a GIVEN CONFIG on a PAVEMENT structure dependant on WEIGHT, PRESSURE, NUMBER of TYRES
What do each of the 4 letters in ACN/PCN represent
1) FLEXIBLE (F) or RIGID (R);
2) HIGH (A) MEDIUM (B) LOW (C) VERY/ULTRA LOW (D);
3) TRYE PRESSURE;
4) TECHNICAL (T) or USAGE (U)
How can the ACN/PCN system be used to determine if a landing can be made?
If ACN is LOWER than PCN land without any other consideration;
If ACN is slightly HIGHER than PCN land with caution and ARRANGE with AIRPORT COMPANY;
If ACN is much HIGHER than PCN do NOT land
What is the process of converting centre of gravity location from inches to percentage of MAC?
IDENTIFY CoG in INCHES from DATUM; IDENTIFY LE of MAC in INCHES from DATUM; SUBTRACT LEMAC from CoG position; DIVIDE DIFFERENCE by LENGTH of MAC; MULTIPLY by 100
%MAC = ((CoG - LEMAC)/MAC) x 100
What is the speed where a low speed rejected takeoff becomes a high speed?
When may a low speed or high speed rejected takeoff be initiated?
When at V1 should the captain perform a rejected takeoff?
80kt;
LOW: For any MASTER CAUTION/WARNING;
HIGH: Any FIRE, ENGINE FAILURE or FAILURE which the CAPTAIN deems UNSAFE to CONTINUE;
NOT UNLESS it is UNSAFE to CONTINUE
What are the sequence of actions taken initially when deciding to reject the takeoff?
CLOSE THRUST LEVERS;
Apply MAX BRAKING or MONITOR AUTO BRAKING;
Select GROUND/AIR SPOILERS for AERODYNAMIC DRAG and INCREASE EFFECTIVENESS of BRAKES;
Select REVERSE THRUST
What are the considerations following initial actions of a low speed rejected takeoff?
MEMORY ITEMS;
Address FAILURES;
COMMUNICATE with ATC and CABIN CREW;
Decide to TAXI or HOLD on runway
What are the considerations following initial actions of a high speed rejected takeoff?
MEMORY ITEMS; Address FAILURES; COMMUNICATE with ATC, FIRE and CABIN CREW; STOP on runway; Complete BRAKE ENERGY CALCULATIONS
What are the implications of aeroplane maintenance if a high speed takeoff is rejected?
Can become its OWN EMERGENCY;
BRAKES can OVERHEAT and catch FIRE;
FUSE PLUGS MELT/NOT able to TAXI;
PAX EVACUATION
How does an engine fire compare to engine failure during the take off?
FAILURE: IMMEDIATE LOSS of 50% of THRUST;
FIRE: Assumed to have FULL THRUST until ENGINE SHUTDOWN at 400ft after COMMUNICATING, CONFIRMING, and doing MEMORY ITEMS
If a fuel leak is discovered what are some considerations and actions the pilots must do?
DAMAGE through FIRE; Enough to DIVERT; CHECKLIST may require ENGINE SHUTDOWN; LOCATION of LEAK (TANK or ENGINE); CROSSFEED both TANKS to ENGINE on opposite side of leak until tank is ALMOST EMPTY to AVOID pumping AIR
What effect does normal fuel consumption have on the aerodynamics have on aeroplane?
CoG moves FORWARD causing DECREASED EFFICIENCY
What is the commital height?
Does it change? Why?
HEIGHT when BELOW COMMITTED to LANDING;
Depends on PERFORMANCE of aeroplane ie: NO COMMITAL HEIGHT for JETS
How is minimum turnaround time determined?
LIMITED by BRAKE ENERGY;
(ENERGY from LAST LANDING + ENERGY for TAXI + ENERGY for RTO) - ENERGY DISSIPATION during TURNAROUND
What are the conditions for icing in flight?
What is this definition used for?
TAT =/< 10°C and SAT =/< -40°C and VISIBILITY =/< 1600m OR;
VISUALLY CONFIRMED by ice BUILD UP;
When ANTI ICE is REQUIRED
What are the conditions for icing on the ground?
OAT =/< 10°C and VISIBILITY =/< 1600m OR;
VISIBLE MOISTURE
What is the effect of extremely low temperatures on the altimeter?
When TEMP is COLDER than ISA TRUE ALTITUDE is LOWER than INDICATED ALTITUDE;
ERRORS are significantly larger when SURFACE TEMP is -30°C or COLDER
When should cold temperature corrections be applied?
What action must be taken when applying corrections?
During QNH and QFE operations; MDA/DA; MAp altitudes; MIN DEPARTURE, ENROUTE and APPROACH altitude; ADVISE ATC
When shouldn’t cold temperature corrections be applied?
REPORTED TEMP ABOVE 0°C;
AIRPORT TEMP is AT or ABOVE MIN PUBLISHED for procedure;
ALTIMETER BAROMETRIC REFERENCE settings;
UNDER RADAR CONTROL
What are the sustained parameters for takeoff optimisation? (12)
RUNWAY; CLEARWAY; STOPWAY; ELEVATION; SLOPE; OBSTACLES; TEMP; PRESSURE; WIND; Runway CONDITION; ANTI ICE; Aeroplane STATUS
What are the free parameters for takeoff optimisation?
Takeoff CONFIG;
AIR CONDITIONING;
V1;
V2
What is the definition of optimum configuration?
One that provides HIGHEST MTOW
How does air conditioning change takeoff optimisation?
When ON it DECREASES AVAILABLE POWER and DEGRADES takeoff PERFORMANCE
What is the V1/Vr range?
Why is it limited to these values?
0.84 =/< V1/Vr =/< 1;
LOWER than 0.84 makes TOD too LONG
What are the minimum V2 speeds for normal and fly by wire aeroplanes?
NORMAL: 1.2Vs
FLY BY WIRE: 1.13Vs1g
How does an increase in V1/Vr change maximum takeoff weight?
What is it limited by? DRAW
INCREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: TOD(N-1), TOR(n-1), OBSTACLES;
DECREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: ASD(N or N-1), BRAKE ENERGY;
NO INFLUENCE on MTOW LIMITED by: TOD(N), TOR(N), FIRST/SECOND/FINAL takeoff segment, TRYE SPEED
In general, what happens when there is an increase in V2/Vs?
INCREASES DISTANCES on GROUND as ACCELERATION PHASE INCREASES due to MORE ENERGY required
Does an increase in V2 change the ASD?
INDIRECTLY by causing Vr to INCREASE so for a given V1/Vr ratio V1 must also INCREASE
How does an increase in V2/Vs change maximum takeoff weight?
What is it limited by? DRAW
INCREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: FIRST/SECOND takeoff segment, OBSTACLES;
DECREASE in MTOW LIMITED by: TOD(N-1), TOR(n-1), TOD(N), TOR(N), ASD(N or N-1), BRAKE ENERGY, TRYE SPEED;
NO INFLUENCE on MTOW LIMITED by: FINAL takeoff segment
What is the result of optimisation process?
HIGHEST possible MTOW;
OPTIMUM V1/Vr ratio;
OPTIMUM V2/Vs ratio
What is the definition of balance field?
INTERCEPT between TOD(n-1) and ASD;
MTOW is EQUALLY LIMITED by TOD(n-1) and ASD
