T8 (Population) Definitions Flashcards
Crude birth rate
The number of births per thousand people in a population. (total births / total pop *100)
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per thousand people in a population.
Total fertility rate
The average number of births per women of child-bearing age.
Natural Increase
CDR - CBR (expressed as percentage)
Doubling Time
Number of years for a population to double in size (70/natural increase as %)
DTM
Demographic Transition Model shows the change in population structure from LEDCs to MEDCs. (how a population transitions from a pre-industrial stage with high CBR and CDR to an economical advanced stage with low/declining CBR and low CDR)
National Population Policies
Official government actions to control the population in some way.
Pro-Natalist policies
In favour of increasing the birth rate.
Anti-Natalist policies
Attempt to limit birth rate.
Natural Capital
(goods and services) World’s stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things
Renewable Natural Capital
Can be generated / replaced as fast as it is being used
Natural Income
Annual yield / income from natural capital
Ecological Services
Services provided by the environment that human life relies on
Non-renewable natural capital / resources
Irreplaceable or can only be replaced over geological timescales
Cultural Services
Derived from places where people interact with nature, enjoying cultural benefits. e.g. open spaces provide leisure etc.
Provisioning Services
Services people obtain from ecosystems and from which they obtain goods such as food, fibre, fuel and water. Production of such goods can be heavily managed ecosystems (intensive farming) or semi-natural ones (hunting / fishing).
Supporting Services
Essential to life on earth, including primary productivity, soil formation and nutrient cycling. All other ecosystem services depend on these.
Regulating Services
Diverse set of services, including pollination, regulation of pests and diseases, production of goods like food, fibre, wood. Other services include climate and hazard regulation and water quality regulation.
Economic Value (of natural capital)
Determined from the market price of good and services a resource produces
Intrinsic Value (of natural capital)
Associated with the ethical, spiritual and philosophical perspectives given to organisms and ecosystems
Aesthetic Value (of natural capital)
Related to the visual attraction and appreciation. No market value. No identifiable commodities.
Ecological Value (of natural capital)
Value comes from the essential value for life to exist. No market value. no identifiable commodities.
Direct Use
Values are ecosystem goods and services that are directly used by humans, most often by people visiting or residing in the ecosystem.
Consumptive Use
Includes harvesting food products, timber for fuel/ housing, medicinal products and hunting animals for food and clothing.
Non-consumptive use
includes recreational and cultural activities that do not require harvesting of products
Indirect use
Values are derived from ecosystem services that provide benefits outside the ecosystem itself (e.g. natural water filtration which may benefit people downstream)
Optional Values
derived from potential future use of ecosystem goods and services not currently used - either by yourself (option value) or your future offspring (bequest value)
Existence values / non-use values
include aesthetic and intrinsic values
Recreational Value
e.g. holiday destinations, ecotourism
Circular Economy
Manufacturer to Consumption to Recycling (back to manufacturer)
Linear Economy
Resource to Good to Consumed to Landfill
Extended Producer Responsibility
Shift financial responsibility for end-of-life disposal to product manufacturers
Carrying Capacity
The maximum number of species or load that can be sustainability supported by a given area. (number of individuals an environment can sustain - actual area)
Optimum Population
The number of people who, when using all the available resources, will produce the highest per capita economic return.
Over-Population
When there are too many people relative to the resources and technology available locally to attain the optimum standard of living.
Under-Population
When there are far more resources in an area that can be used by the people living there.
Malthus
Population exceeds available resources = natural checks, pessimist
Boserup
Technology means can always meet population growth with enough resources, optimist
Ecological Footprint
Area of land required to support an individual or population (theoretical area) - (the hypothetical area of land and water required to support a defined human population at a given standard of living - takes into account area required to provide all needed resources and assimilation of all wastes) - (model used to estimate demands human populations place on environment)
Exponential Growth
A growth rate that is increasingly rapidly (an accelerating rate of growth)
Sustainability
Using global resources at a rate that allows natural regeneration and assimilation of pollution. Living within the means of nature and ensuring resources are not degraded so future generations can continue to use the resource.
Neoliberal
A political / economic ideology that favours free-market capitalism
Nexus Thinking
Recognising the link between supplying resources of food, water and energy and the environmental implications of all three
