T8 (Population) Case Studies Flashcards
1
Q
HIC / Ageing population
A
Japan (also can use UK)
- Fertility Rate: 1.25 (lowest since records began)
- Labour Shortage (slows economic growth), reduced tax base and strained pension system = 5-year project with more day-care centres and encourage male paternity leave
- Women put off having children (social attitude)
2
Q
LIC
A
Johannesburg, South Africa
- Death rate tripled women age 20-39, doubled men aged 30-44 (AIDS)
- 900 die a day of HIV
- 5.5mn infected with HIV
- 140,000 in treatment programs (2003 target 380,000)
- 500,000 need AIDs drugs to survive
3
Q
NIC / anti-natalist
A
China: One Child Policy in 1979
- tested on family planning, wage increase, bonus incentives
- Sex selective abortions, 9/10 girls died in orphanages within a year, spoilt children, gender imbalance, dependency imbalance
- Relaxed then withdrawn 2015
- now 30mn men can’t find a spouse and 32mn more men under 20 than girls
4
Q
International Development Plans
A
2000 UN Millennium Development Goals (2015 replaced Sustainable Development Goals)
- Eradicate extreme poverty + hunger (reduce people living less $1 day 50%, reduce hunger 50%)
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality + empower women (eliminate gender disparity education 2025, literacy parity men/women, women’s equal representation national parliaments)
- Reduce child mortality (under 5s to 2/3, universal child immunisation measles)
- Improve maternal health (reduce maternal mortality ratio 75%, increase access reproductive health)
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria + other diseases (reverse spread/incidences diseases)
- Ensure environmental sustainability (reverse forest loss, halve proportion w/o improved drinking water + sanitation, improve lives 100mn slum dwellers 2020)
- Develop global partnership for development (reduce youth unemployment, increase internet use)
5
Q
Tropical Impact Rainforest
A
Brazilian Rainforest
- once 10mn Indians living Amazon, now less 200,000
- Brazil = 58% land forest; rate removed 20,000km2 year
- Brazil $230mn debt imported oil 70s price rose
- N Brazil Grand Carajas Project = huge mining development produces 45mn tonnes iron ore year - 900,000km2 area, affect 23 tribal groups, $60mn spent rainforest conservation, deforestation, soil erosion, air + water pollution
- Mahogany m3 = £500 (illegally cut)- removing 1 tree = 27 others damaged + roads/tracks built
- 140 species lost day = 50,000 species year
- nature reserves - Tumucumaque National Park = 38,000km2 (world largest)
6
Q
Tropical Impact Corals
A
Caribbean Coral Reefs
- Caribbean suffers hurricanes = break/flatten coral (surface run-off = sediment sea)
- over-fishing problem (trawlers drag nets, explosives, boats)
- land clearing + poor agricultural practices = erosion + sedimentation - fertiliser / pesticide sea = coral stress
- corals break acid sea increase CO2 atmosphere
- coral diseases = 80% lost 20yrs
- corals = tourist attraction; tourism = vegetation removal, more sewage, increased energy demand, reefs mined, snorkelling/diving, pollution - limit dives 6000 site year
7
Q
Depletion of Renewable Resources 1
A
Aral Sea
- Border Kazakhstan / Uzbekistan
- shrinking / drying up - sea now divided in 2
- USSR era major cotton (“white gold”) growing region Fergana Valley = 6mn tonnes/yr produced
- Cotton grown in desert = need large amount water / irrigation - Dams / Canals on rivers diverted water to farms = less water reaching Aral sea (consequences ignored for profit)
- Declining water quality - sea saltier (evaporation / salt left in less water) - salinization - pollution from toxic chemicals (fertiliser etc.) - chemicals into rivers water back to sea
- wetlands deltas dried out = affects wildlife - fish/ birds declined - fishing industry collapsed/ factories closed
- large areas sea = barren lifeless salt pans
- wells dried out; water table dropped
- unemployment rose
- increased migration from area
- boats left “high + dry”
- decline local health from chemicals
8
Q
Depletion of Renewable Resources 2
A
Dead Sea shrinking
- less 100mn rainfall year
- pop growth Israel (3mn 1970 - 8mn 2014), Jordn, Palestine - pop x3 since 1970
- River Jordan flows into Dead Sea - less input year
- R Jordan flow decrease 1300mn m3 yr 1960 - 20mn m3 yr (98% drop flow)
- Dead Sea 2m evaporation ponds responsible over 30% water lost
- agriculture 50% local incomes
- Dam + reservoir R Yanmouk
- 400mn m3 water for manufacturing potash - only 50% water returned sea
- 1965 Israeli Gov built National Water Carrier transport water R Jordan to Israel
- Jordan income risen $1000 yr 1970- $6000 2012
- countries food producers for Europe
- 1966 Jordanian Gov East Ghor Canal Yanmouk River (R Jordan tributary)
- R Jordan banks industry
- water irrigation cash crops inefficient
- sea lost 20mn m3 + 1/3 surface area 80yrs
- Dead Sea length reduced 75 to 55km - 1m reduction yr
9
Q
Depletion Non-Renewable Resource
A
Phosphate
- phosphate-based fertilisers to increase yields = may run out phosphate - threat global food supply
- only just attracting attention 2009 Un discussion
- 62bn tonnes phosphate ground 15bn mineable (run out 50yrs) - rest impurities / offshore
- Morocco 26.7 gigatonnes, China 14.1, USA 4.6
- 2008 161mn tones mined globally
- fertiliser demand grow 2.5-3% year
- No single international organisation responsible phosphate resources
- Offshore / impurities being considered w/ demand eg Peru, Australia, Namibia deposits - company investment tech exploit these = more costly production
- supply concentrated hands few - China, morocco, USA, Russia = over 70% global phosphate deposits - strategic eg Morocco/ USA 2004 free trade agreement USA get phosphate when run out
- no substitutes
- (recovery/recycling) all domestic wastewater facilities Canada covered biological treatment systems = produce fertiliser meet 30% needs
10
Q
Valuing the Oceans
A
- Ocean = $70trillion to global GDP
- tourism, carbon sink, flood protection, pharmaceuticals, fish/ seafood, HEP
- 50% worlds oxygen + stores 50x CO2 atmosphere
- climate regulation (covers 70% earth’s surface)
- 76% US trade involves marine transportation
- US ocean economy produces $282bn goods/services + ocean-dependent businesses employ 3mn ppl
- cost climate change on oceans = $2 trillion annually
- temp rise 4oc 2100 = $41.98trillion; rise 2.2oc = $612bn
- 147-216mn live on land will be below sea level end century
11
Q
e-waste To
A
China
- 70% world’s electronic refuse sent there
- 120,000 locals work for industry (poor, many ex-farmers)
- Illegal disassembly by hand extreme health risks (10hrs day) e.g. respiratory + skin disease from pollution; brain damage from lead gas
- over 80% children pos for zinc poisoning
- River’s polluted as result
- 2012 China generated 11.1mn tonnes e-waste (5kg per person) (50mn generated globally)
- Guiyu, China e-waste capital world - industry worth $75mn town year - pop lead poisoning, cancer, miscarriages
12
Q
Solid Domestic Waste
A
- UK 28mn tonnes year
- World cities 1.3bn tonnes year
- China urban pop throw 520mn tonnes waste day
13
Q
e-waste From
A
USA
- 2010 discarded 258.2mn computers, monitors, TVs, phones (66% recycled)
- 2011 12mn phones collected recycled, 120mn bought
- 2012 generated 10mn tonnes (per capita 29.5kg)
14
Q
Circular Economy International
A
EU Extended Producer Responsibility
- EU moving towards circular economy = 400,000 new jobs + 20,000 jobs from increasing recycling targets
- shift financial responsibility disposal producers = incentive design
- Many European nations EPR laws increase reuse + recycling plastics, diverting plastics to power plants use fuel (waste-to-energy process)
- 9 European nations banned landfills = 90-100% plastics recycled or used energy production
- Europe 2012 25.2mn tons post-consumer plastic - 26% recycled, 36% recovered for fuel, 38% landfill
- 2015 European Commission submitted Circular Economy Package to European Parliament
WEEE Regulations
- UK law 2014
- legislation EU since 2003
15
Q
Circular Economy Local
A
Suzhou New District, China
- 4000 manufacturing firms linked operations eg circuit boards manufacturers use copper from other companies wastes
