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ESS > T5 (Soil) Case Studies > Flashcards

T5 (Soil) Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Subsidies Example

A
  • Rice subsidies for USA farmers affect farmers Asia-Pacific region (Thailand, Vietnam, India)
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2
Q

Cash Crops

A

Kenya vegetable crops to MEDCs supermarkets over local pop

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3
Q

Controlling Means Production (food) - LEDCs + MEDCs

A
  • 20% world population (MEDCs) control over 80% world trade, investment + tech
  • 80% world pop LEDCs control 1% world’s wealth
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4
Q

MDG 1 Eradicate Poverty and Hunger

A
  • halve people suffer hunger
  • halve underweight children under 5
  • halve pop below min level dietary energy consumption
  • malnourished = 825m 1990s to 1017m 2009
  • food costs 24% higher 2008 from 2006
  • poor consumes spend up to 60% income food
  • over 40% children underweight in India, Yemen, Bangladesh
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5
Q

Dealing with food / pop growth

A

UK

  • pop expected 71.6mn 2033
  • Jan 2010 ‘Food 2030’ aims to integrate issues food including action on heavy import food dependence
  • Increase uk food production
  • liberalisation of agricultural markets globally
  • removal of europe’s market distorting common agriculture policy
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6
Q

MEDC farming subsidies

A

Support to farmers:

  • EU $151bn year (2005-7)
  • US $102bn
  • Japan $49bn
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7
Q

Food and Climate Change

A

Climate Change may cause:

  • increase wheat production UK/Canada / reduce India 20% and Australia (drought ruined 2008)
  • US agriculture profits rise 4% year
  • Sub-Saharan Africa lose $2bn year (maize decline)
  • S Africa 50% drop cereal production 2080
  • LEDCs decline agriculture productivity 9-21%
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8
Q

Biofuels / buying farmland overseas

A
  • China right grow palm oil for biofuel 2.8mn hectares land Congo + negotiating 2mn hectares Zambia
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9
Q

Globalised Farmers Winners / Losers

A

Winners:
- Market share top 20 US food manufacturers doubled since 1967
- 1970s top 4 US beef packers controlled 25% US market
- 4 processing firms control 80%+ beef processing US
- 1980s top 20 firms = 90% agrochemicals sales; 1990s 10 firms
- GB top 4 supermarkets profits £2.1bn 2000
Losers:
- India lose 50% 700,000 small farmers by 2026
- GB lost 65% farmers

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10
Q

Food Waste LEDCs

A
  • India 21mn tonnes wheat perishes inadequate storage / distribution year
  • Pakistan loss 16% production annually inadequate storage
  • SE Asia countries losses rice 37-80% depending development (China 45%; Vietnam 80%)
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11
Q

Food Waste MEDCs

A
  • 50% food brought into Europe/USA thrown away consumers
  • 7mn tonnes food throw away from homes year UK
  • 1.6mn tonnes waste year food not meet marketing standards supermarkets
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12
Q

Meat Consumption

A
  • USA individuals consume over 4x meat annually compared to developing countries
  • India past 30-40years 2 fold per capita increase meat consumption
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13
Q

Commercial Farming System

A

North American Cereal Farming

  • medium efficiency
  • high tech use, fertiliser
  • low labour per unit area
  • mechanisation
  • outputs low per hectare but high per farmer
  • high environmental impact - ecosystem clearance + biodiversity loss
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14
Q

Intensive Farming

A

MEDC beef production (COULD USE SMITHFIELD GEOG)

  • USA = cattle pens 100,000
  • energy inefficient - yield 1/10 energy invested
  • restricted pen movement
  • ethical implications
  • high environmental impact
  • high inputs/outputs
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15
Q

Normadic farming

A

Massai tribe Kenya / Tanzania

  • livestock wander freely, herding
  • traditional diet meat, milk, blood cattle
  • high efficiency
  • overgrazing + decertification
  • social role / status relationship w cattle
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16
Q

Intensive Subsistance Farming

A

Wet Rice Ecosystem South East Asia

  • paddy field agriculture
  • high pop = high demand rice staple diet
  • high rainfall helps
  • fields next water source = inundate / silt deposit = natural fertility
  • recently less land available + declining soil fertility + yields reaching max
17
Q

Farming + EVS

A
  • Native American Indians saw land communal commodity
  • Use of tech / GM crops
  • MEDCs increasing awareness = free-range / fair trade
  • Agribusiness = technocentric
  • Shifting Cultivators = ecocentric
18
Q

Farming MEDC cultural

A

Grape growing + wine production, Mosel Valley Germany

  • 12,000 hectares vines small vineyards / farms
  • Shectare farm produces 36,000-48,000 bottles wine year
  • 20oc where optimum 25-28 - soils helps warmer - loose slate rock absorbs heat day, radiates night
  • live / organic fertiliser
  • plant way use wind from east - vines run N to S = shelters (farmers create microclimate)
  • steep slopes = well drained soils
  • wine variation as geology varies (fine slate, some fine slate mixed clay)
  • no machines, 5-7 workers
  • Gov restrictions yield / EU sugar laws (sugar impacts alcoholic content)
19
Q

Soil Erosion Mountainous

A

Nepal

  • rapid pop growth (23mn) = use of steep, unstable land agriculture, deforestation (wood = fuel), overgrazing (herd size increase)
  • heavy monsoon wash away terraces
  • Community forestry introduced = education trees protection, encouraged take small amount fuel, forests fenced off to stop overgrazing
  • Afforestation encouraged - local nurseries
  • terraces restrict flow water downhill
  • alternative fuel sources (yak dung)
  • small dams
20
Q

Soil Erosion LEDC

A

Kenya

  • Rapid pop growth + use best land for plantations (cash crops) = overcultivation, overgrazing (increase herd size), nomadic herding replaced permanent agriculture marginal land use
  • Deforestation (fuel), dung used fuel over fertiliser, wind + water erosion
  • Green belt movement builds stone/brush dams in gullies trap soil
  • contour banks used trap soil
21
Q

Soil Erosion MEDC

A

Oklahoma, USA

  • overcultivation (Europeans started), drought 1920s/30s
  • wind blew topsoil away - Dust bowl
  • Soil conservation areas established, trees wind breaks, stalks left ground when crops harvested (windbreak + roots bind soil), strip cropping rows tall/short break up wind

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