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Biology > T7: Run For Your Life > Flashcards

T7: Run For Your Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Bones function

A

Allow movement
Levers
Rigid, lightweight, long

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2
Q

Ligament function

A

Connect bones
Elastic

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3
Q

Tendon function

A

Connect muscle and bone
Inelastic

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4
Q

Cartilage function

A

End of bones/joints
Smooth, reduce friction
Spongy, cushion impact
Synovial fluid

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5
Q

Muscle function

A

Antagonistic pairs
Flexor closes joint
Extensor opens joint

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6
Q

Name two types of muscle fibre

A

Type I - slow twitch
Type II - fast twitch

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7
Q

Type I / slow twitch muscle fibre

A

Stamina
Aerobic
Lots of blood vessels
Lots of NRG
More mitochondria
More myoglobin

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8
Q

Type II / fast twitchy

A

Rapid
Anaerobic
Fewer blood vessels
Little NRG
Less mitochondria
Less myoglobin

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9
Q

Describe the muscle cell structure

A

Myofibrils
Sarcolemma (muscle coating)
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Describe a Sarcomere repeating unit

A

Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin)
Many make up a myofibril
M line connects thick filaments
A line connects Sarcomere units
H zone between thin filaments

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11
Q

Sliding filament theory stages

A

Nerve impulses, neurone —> muscle fibre
Sarcoplasmic reticulum release Ca2+
Binds to troponin
Tropomyosin moves
Reveals myosin binding sites on thick filaments
Thin filament actin bind to myosin-ADP-Pi
Pi released, myosin-ADP changes shape, pulls on actin
ADP released, myosin remains bound to actin
ATP binds to myosin, releases actin
ATP hydrolysed
Myosin-ADP-Pi returns to original position
Repeat process until impulse/Ca2+ stops

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12
Q

Name 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Kerb cycle
Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm
Input (glucose 6C, 2NAD, 2ATP, 2ADP)
Output (2 pyruvate 3C, 2 reduced NAD, 4 ATP)

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14
Q

Link reaction

A

Mitochondria
Input (pyruvate 3C, Co-A, NAD)
Output (acetyl CoA, reduced NAD, CO2)
Cycle happens twice

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15
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondria matrix
Input (Acetyl CoA, 3 NAD, 1FAD, 1 ADP)
Output (CoA, 2CO2, 3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD, 1 ATP)

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16
Q

Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria inner membrane
Input (reduced NAD, reduced FAD, O2, ADP+Pi)
Output (H2O, NAD, FAD, ATP)
Reduced NAD is oxidised/loses e-s
H+ —> outer membrane
H+ impermeable inner membrane, proton gradient
H+ back in via ATP synthase, Chemiosmosis, releases ADP+Pi! make ATP
Electron transport chain, reduces O2/gains e-s, makes H2O

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17
Q

Compare reduced NAD and FAD

A

NAD better for ATP synthesis as it makes 3 molecules whereas FAD only makes 2

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18
Q

Anaeorbic respiration

A

Limited/no oxygen
NAD can’t give e- to electron transport chain/O2
ETC/Kreb cycle/Link reaction stop
Pyruvate + reduced NAD —> lactate + 2 NAD (reversible reaction)
No ATP itself (glycolysis incomplete)
Pyruvate —> link reaction/glucose/lipids

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19
Q

Lactic acid

A

Toxic
High conc, low pH
Metabolise lactate, not wasted
Neutralise oxygen debt (NAD amount needed to remove lactate)

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20
Q

Ventilation in exercise vs rest

A

Rest: passive exhale
Exercise: active exhale

21
Q

Inhalation mechanism

A

Diaphragm contracts/flattens
External intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move up and out
Increase thorax volume
Lower pressure
Air moves in

22
Q

Exhalation mechanism

A

Diaphragm relaxes/moves up
Intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Decrease thorax volume
Higher pressure
Air moves out

23
Q

Cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (dm3/min) = stroke volume (dm3/ml) x heart rate (bpm)
Stroke volume
Rest = 60-70
Exercise = 90-110
Heart rate
Rest = 60-80
Exercise = up to 200

24
Q

Oxygen consumption

A

Dm3/min
Dm3/min/Kg

25
Q

Breathing rate

A

Rest = 12-20bpm
Exercise = 40-50bpm

26
Q

Tidal volume

A

Rest = 0.5dm3
Exercise = 2.5dm3

27
Q

Respiratory minute ventilation

A

Minute ventilation rate = tidal vol x breathing rate
Rest = 6-10dm3/min
Exercise = 100-125 dm3/min

28
Q

Spirometer trace

A

Y = spirometer volume (dm3)
X = time (s-1)
Vertical distance between peak and trough = tidal volume
Vertical distance between two peaks/troughs =vol O2 absorbed

29
Q

Cardiac muscle structure

A

Myogenic: contracts without nerve impulse
Striated
Same as general muscle fibre
Multi uncleated
Intercalated disc

30
Q

Cardiac muscle coordination process

A

Impulse —> sinoatrial node (SAN)
Atrial wall contraction (systole)
Impulse —> atrioventricular node (AVN)
Heart wall layer is non conducting
Impulses —> purkyne fibres —> apex —> ventricle wall
Blood squeezed into arteries (systole)

31
Q

ECG

A

Electrocardiogran
P wave = atria contract
QRS complex = ventricles contract
T wave = vent rules relax

32
Q

Heart rate receptors

A

Chemoreceptors (CO2 conc/pH)
Thermoreceptors (blood temp/respiration rate)
Mechanoreceptors (artery wall stretch)

33
Q

CNS

A

Cardiovascular control centre in medulla oblongata
2 nerves connected to SAN
Sympathetic nerve sends impulse (increase heart rate/noradrenaline neurotransmitter)
Parasympathetic vegus nerve sends impulse (decrease heart rate/acetylcholine neurotransmitter)

34
Q

Adrenaline effect on heart rate

A

Increases
Increase contraction strength
Fight/flight

35
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining internal body conditions in a dynamic equilibrium

36
Q

Name 4 homeostatic systems

A

Water potential of blood
Core body temperature
Blood glucose concentration
Blood pH

37
Q

Describe the homeostatic process that occurs when your core body temperature DECREASES

A

Low temp environment/activity
Thermoreceptors detect
Impulse to heat GAIN centre in hypothalamus
Decrease sweat vasoconstriction and shivering
Less heat loss via evaporation and radiation

38
Q

Describe the homeostatic process that occurs when your core body temperature INCREASES

A

High temp exercise/environment
Thermoreceptors detect
Impulse to heat LOSS centre of hypothalamus
Increase sweat production and vasodilation
More heat loss via evaporation and radiation

39
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Homeostatic mechanism for dynamic equilibrium
Change detected by sensory receptors
Hormones/impulses released
Effector response returns to normal

40
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Change detected by sensory receptors
Hormones/impulses released
Effector response increases change

41
Q

Too little training effects

A

Input > output
Excess stored as fat
Obesity/high bp/CVD/diabetes
Increased risk of poor mental health

42
Q

Too much training effects

A

Correlation to immune system supression
Natural killer cells reduced
Inflammatory response reduces circulated phagocytes
Joint damage
Cartilage/ligaments

43
Q

Name and describe 3 drugs used in sport

A

Anabolic steroid
- Increase muscle mass/recovery/training intensity
EPO
- More red blood cell production
Beta blockers
- Control heart rate

44
Q

Describe 2 arguments about drug use in sport

A

Fair as everyone is doing it, bodily autonomy
Fair if everyone competes clean, drug misuse risk

45
Q

Keyhole surgery

A

Less invasive
Faster recovery

East infection risk
Don’t always need anaesthetic

46
Q

Prosthetics

A

Limbs/joints
Normal mobility
Sport participation

47
Q

Hormones definition

A

Chemical messengers desired by endocrine glands into the blood plasma and responded to by target cells

48
Q

Name 3 types of hormone

A

Proteins
Tyrosine derivatives
Steroids

49
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Lipid based
Can cross phopholipid bilayer
Bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm
Hormone + receptor complex act as transcription factors
Transcription initiation complex

Biology (8 decks)

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