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Biology > T6: On The Wild Side > Flashcards

T6: On The Wild Side Flashcards

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1
Q

Systematic sampling (4)

A

Transect
Equal increments (continuous/interrupted)
Environmental gradient
Under represent species not on transect

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2
Q

Continuous vs interrupted systematic transects

A

Continuous, accurate, time consuming
Interrupted, faster, Miss some organisms

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3
Q

Quadrat factors (4)

A

Size of quadrat
No. Repeats
Not/random
Frame/point

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4
Q

Density

A

Individuals/square unit

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5
Q

Abundance

A

Individuals/given area

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6
Q

Frequency

A

Proportion of species found

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7
Q

Random sampling (6)

A

Random coordinates
No. Species in quadrat
Repeat
Not biased
Unequal coverage
Misrepresent species

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8
Q

Opportunistic sampling (3)

A

Prior knowledge/data
Quicker
Biased

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9
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Divide area
Sample all
Less species missed
Over representation

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10
Q

Observation sampling

A

Dropping/footprints/burrows
DNA sampling
Hard to collect

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11
Q

Succession

A

Organisms create habitat that changes over time

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12
Q

Change over time factors (5)

A

Climate change
Adaptation
Abundance
Destruction
Competition

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13
Q

What is deflected succession and how does it work

A

Stable community
Human activity prevents succession
Provide food/habitat
Protected rare/endangered species
Grazing, burning, mowing, dredging

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14
Q

Primary succession stages (8)

A

Pioneer species initially colonises an area
Break ground with roots
Gather organic mass and water
New plants can germinate
Increase biodiversity
Stable climax community develops
Dominant species outcompete
Decreased biodiversity

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15
Q

Pioneer species

A

Species that can survive in conditions where most others would die

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16
Q

Secondary succession (5)

A

Disruptive event (fire/hurricane/flooding)
Soil with nutrients
Seeds can germinate due to water retention in soil
Stages of succession
Stable climax community is formed

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17
Q

Biomass

A

Molecules containing glucose from photosynthesis
Eg. Starch, cellulose, proteins, fats
Food for all organisms

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18
Q

NPP equation

A

NPP = GPP - R
NPP - rate of transfer of organic molecules made from NRG
GPP - rate of production of organic molecules from NRG
R - NRG used in respiratory/metabolic processes of the organism

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19
Q

Why is not all energy transferred between trophic levels (5)

A

Not all organism eaten
Not all organisms digested/absorbed
NRG used in respiratory processes
NRG lost to surroundings
NRG transmitted/reflected by producers

20
Q

Name and describe the 2 stages of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent reaction (water split, ATP/reduced NADP made), thylakoid membrane
Light independent reaction (ATP NRG/ NADP reducing power make glucose), stroma

21
Q

ATP

A

Adenine triphosphate
Provides NRG for chemical reactions
Phosphate removed from ATP —> ADP + Pi
Pi hydrated
Exothermic, releases energy

22
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi

23
Q

Light dependent reaction stages (7)

A

Pair of Es from chlorophyll excited by light energy
Travel along electron transport chain
Photolysis (O2 waste product)
H+ fills holes left by Es
Es phosphophorylate
Es are rexcited in a new chlorophyll molecule
Reduce NADP in electron transport chain

24
Q

PSII vs PSI

A

PSII - 168nm>, photophosphorylation and photolysis
PSI - 168nm<, reduction of NADP

25
Q

Uses for glucose (6)

A

Respiration - NRG
Starch - storage
Lipids - waterproofing/storage
Cellulose - cell wall
Nucleic acid - DNA (+phosphates+nitrates from soil)
Amino acids - proteins (+sulfur+nitrates from soil)

26
Q

Calvin cycle stages (3)

A

RuBP —> GP (RuBISCO)
GP —> GALP (NADP + ATP)
GALP —> glucose/RuBP (ATP)

27
Q

Chloroplast features

A

Thylakoid membrane - interconnected sacs, LDR
Starch grains - storage
Outer membrane - permeable
Inner membrane - selectively permeable
Granum - stack of thylakoids
Stroma - enzymes for photolysis

28
Q

Evidence for climate change (6)

A

Dendrochronology
Ice cores
Pollen peat bogs
CO2 levels
Temperature levels
Rainfall patterns

29
Q

Ice cores

A

Freeze bubbles
Temperature dictates O2 isotope
Temperatures shows climate

30
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Tree rings
Xylem layer every year
Thickness depends on rainfall/light intensity
Thickness indicates age and climate

31
Q

Pollen peat bogs

A

Acidic/anaerobic prevents decomposition
Pollen species have distinct shape
Species indicates climate
Tough outer shell

32
Q

Anthropogenic climate change

A

Burn fossil fuels
Overpopulation
increase CO2 levels
Infrared gets trapped in atmosphere
Increase global temperature
Greenhouse effect

33
Q

Reasons climate models might be wrong

A

Lack of computing powers
Lack of sufficient data
Lack of climate function knowledge
CO2/ice cores hard to predict

34
Q

Global warming primary effects

A

Rising temperatures, enzymes denature
Changing rainfall
Seasonal cycle changes

35
Q

Secondary climate change impacts

A

Species distribution, migrate to fit niche, invasive species, outcompete natives, decrease biodiversity
Development rates, change sex ratios, incompatible mating/hatching/feeding cycles

36
Q

3 solutions to climate change

A

Biofuels
Sustainable NRG sources
Reforestation

37
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Plants — animals — organic matter — decomposers — fossil fuels — atmosphere —

38
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of energy store

39
Q

Detrivores

A

Organisms that feed off waste matter

40
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that feed off consumption of other organisms

41
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that feed by producing their own food

42
Q

2 types of speciation

A

Allopatric
Sympatric

43
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographical isolation/physical barrier

44
Q

Sympatric isolation

A

Habitat isolation - different habitats in same area
Seasonal isolation - different active reproduction times
Mechanical isolation - reproductive organs don’t fit
Behavioural isolation - populations don’t respond to each other’s reproductive displays
Gametic isolation - incompatible male and female gametes

45
Q

NADP

A

Coenzyme
Enables electron transfer
Reduced using H+/electrons

46
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Organisms that feed off of dead matter

Biology (8 decks)

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