T6: On The Wild Side Flashcards
Systematic sampling (4)
Transect
Equal increments (continuous/interrupted)
Environmental gradient
Under represent species not on transect
Continuous vs interrupted systematic transects
Continuous, accurate, time consuming
Interrupted, faster, Miss some organisms
Quadrat factors (4)
Size of quadrat
No. Repeats
Not/random
Frame/point
Density
Individuals/square unit
Abundance
Individuals/given area
Frequency
Proportion of species found
Random sampling (6)
Random coordinates
No. Species in quadrat
Repeat
Not biased
Unequal coverage
Misrepresent species
Opportunistic sampling (3)
Prior knowledge/data
Quicker
Biased
Stratified sampling
Divide area
Sample all
Less species missed
Over representation
Observation sampling
Dropping/footprints/burrows
DNA sampling
Hard to collect
Succession
Organisms create habitat that changes over time
Change over time factors (5)
Climate change
Adaptation
Abundance
Destruction
Competition
What is deflected succession and how does it work
Stable community
Human activity prevents succession
Provide food/habitat
Protected rare/endangered species
Grazing, burning, mowing, dredging
Primary succession stages (8)
Pioneer species initially colonises an area
Break ground with roots
Gather organic mass and water
New plants can germinate
Increase biodiversity
Stable climax community develops
Dominant species outcompete
Decreased biodiversity
Pioneer species
Species that can survive in conditions where most others would die
Secondary succession (5)
Disruptive event (fire/hurricane/flooding)
Soil with nutrients
Seeds can germinate due to water retention in soil
Stages of succession
Stable climax community is formed
Biomass
Molecules containing glucose from photosynthesis
Eg. Starch, cellulose, proteins, fats
Food for all organisms
NPP equation
NPP = GPP - R
NPP - rate of transfer of organic molecules made from NRG
GPP - rate of production of organic molecules from NRG
R - NRG used in respiratory/metabolic processes of the organism
Why is not all energy transferred between trophic levels (5)
Not all organism eaten
Not all organisms digested/absorbed
NRG used in respiratory processes
NRG lost to surroundings
NRG transmitted/reflected by producers
Name and describe the 2 stages of photosynthesis
Light dependent reaction (water split, ATP/reduced NADP made), thylakoid membrane
Light independent reaction (ATP NRG/ NADP reducing power make glucose), stroma
ATP
Adenine triphosphate
Provides NRG for chemical reactions
Phosphate removed from ATP —> ADP + Pi
Pi hydrated
Exothermic, releases energy
Photophosphorylation
Regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi
Light dependent reaction stages (7)
Pair of Es from chlorophyll excited by light energy
Travel along electron transport chain
Photolysis (O2 waste product)
H+ fills holes left by Es
Es phosphophorylate
Es are rexcited in a new chlorophyll molecule
Reduce NADP in electron transport chain
PSII vs PSI
PSII - 168nm>, photophosphorylation and photolysis
PSI - 168nm<, reduction of NADP
Uses for glucose (6)
Respiration - NRG
Starch - storage
Lipids - waterproofing/storage
Cellulose - cell wall
Nucleic acid - DNA (+phosphates+nitrates from soil)
Amino acids - proteins (+sulfur+nitrates from soil)
Calvin cycle stages (3)
RuBP —> GP (RuBISCO)
GP —> GALP (NADP + ATP)
GALP —> glucose/RuBP (ATP)
Chloroplast features
Thylakoid membrane - interconnected sacs, LDR
Starch grains - storage
Outer membrane - permeable
Inner membrane - selectively permeable
Granum - stack of thylakoids
Stroma - enzymes for photolysis
Evidence for climate change (6)
Dendrochronology
Ice cores
Pollen peat bogs
CO2 levels
Temperature levels
Rainfall patterns
Ice cores
Freeze bubbles
Temperature dictates O2 isotope
Temperatures shows climate
Dendrochronology
Tree rings
Xylem layer every year
Thickness depends on rainfall/light intensity
Thickness indicates age and climate
Pollen peat bogs
Acidic/anaerobic prevents decomposition
Pollen species have distinct shape
Species indicates climate
Tough outer shell
Anthropogenic climate change
Burn fossil fuels
Overpopulation
increase CO2 levels
Infrared gets trapped in atmosphere
Increase global temperature
Greenhouse effect
Reasons climate models might be wrong
Lack of computing powers
Lack of sufficient data
Lack of climate function knowledge
CO2/ice cores hard to predict
Global warming primary effects
Rising temperatures, enzymes denature
Changing rainfall
Seasonal cycle changes
Secondary climate change impacts
Species distribution, migrate to fit niche, invasive species, outcompete natives, decrease biodiversity
Development rates, change sex ratios, incompatible mating/hatching/feeding cycles
3 solutions to climate change
Biofuels
Sustainable NRG sources
Reforestation
Carbon cycle
Plants — animals — organic matter — decomposers — fossil fuels — atmosphere —
Transduction
Conversion of energy store
Detrivores
Organisms that feed off waste matter
Heterotrophs
Organisms that feed off consumption of other organisms
Autotrophs
Organisms that feed by producing their own food
2 types of speciation
Allopatric
Sympatric
Allopatric speciation
Geographical isolation/physical barrier
Sympatric isolation
Habitat isolation - different habitats in same area
Seasonal isolation - different active reproduction times
Mechanical isolation - reproductive organs don’t fit
Behavioural isolation - populations don’t respond to each other’s reproductive displays
Gametic isolation - incompatible male and female gametes
NADP
Coenzyme
Enables electron transfer
Reduced using H+/electrons
Saprotrophs
Organisms that feed off of dead matter
