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Biology > T3: Voice Of The Genome > Flashcards

T3: Voice Of The Genome Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 2 types of organism

A

Eukaryote/prokaryote

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2
Q

Give 4 examples of eukaryotes

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protocists

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3
Q

Describe characteristics of eukaryotes (4)

A

Contain membrane bound organelles
Normally larger than prokaryotes
Usually multicellular
Compartmentalisation

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4
Q

Name 10 organelles of a eukaryote cell

A

Right endoplasmic reticulu,
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Cell memebrane
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus

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5
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Double membrane layer
Embedded ribosomes
Protein synthesis/translation

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6
Q

Centrioles

A

2 hollow microtubule cylinders
Help organise spindle fibres

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Single membrane bound vesicle
Digestive enzyme

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of flattened vesicles
Modifies proteins (adds sugars)

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9
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

No membranes

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Own circular chromosome
Double membrane
Inner membrane folded into cristae, higher SA

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

No membrane
Active rRNA transcription area

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13
Q

Nucelus

A

Contains DNA
Double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Pores, RNA —> cytoplasm

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14
Q

Eukaryote cell radius

A

10 micrometers

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15
Q

Prokaryote example

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Prokaryote characteristics

A

Don’t have membrane bound organelles
Normally smaller than prokaryote
Unicellular

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17
Q

Name 10 prokaryote organelles and whether they are always or sometimes present

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Circular DNA chromosome
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Mesosome

Slime capsule
Plasmids
Flagella
Pili

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18
Q

Mesosome

A

Increase respiration SA

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19
Q

Pili

A

Attachment
Conjugation
- asexual report ion via binary fusion
- sexual reproduction via conjugation

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20
Q

Protein trafficking process

A

DNA -> RNA (transcription)
mRNA nucleus —> nuclear envelope –> ribosome
Ribosome makes protein (translation)
Protein —> rER —> tertiary structure
Vesicles pinched off rER (contains protein)
Vesicles —> flattened Golgi app sacs
Proteins modified in Golgi app
Vesicles pinched of Golgi app (contains modified protein)
Vesicles fuse to cell surface
Release protein (eg. Extracellular enzymes)

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21
Q

Egg cell features

A

Cortical granules
Lipid droplets (energy store)
Zona pellucida (jelly coating)
Haploid nucleus
Follicle cells (help ovum develop)
Lysosomes (vesicles, digestive enzymes)

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22
Q

Egg cell diameter

A

100 ym

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23
Q

Sperm cell head length

A

5 ym

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24
Q

Sperm cell features

A

Haploid nucelus
Acrosome (digestive enzymes)
Flagella
Mitochondrion

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25
Q

Fertalisation generally

A

Gamete fusion
2X haploid —> diploid zygote

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26
Q

Meiosis characteristics

A

2 round cell div
Makes 4 genetically non-identical gametes
2 ways of genetic variation
- independent assortment (only div round 1)
- crossing over

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27
Q

Independent assortment

A

Homologous chromosomes (bivalents) associate
Paternal/maternal
Random orientation
No. Chronometer combinations = 2*haploid number

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28
Q

Crossing over

A

Chiasm
Prophase 1
New allele combinations

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29
Q

Di-hybri inheritance

A

2 genes
4x4 pundit square

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30
Q

Back cross technique

A

Cross unknown with double homozygous recessive
Reveals genotype
Ratio of offspring assumes independent assortment

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31
Q

Why are all gametes usually equally likely

A

Independent assortment

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32
Q

What can be assumed if gamete ratio is significantly different than expected

A

Genes are linked
Genes have loci on same chromosome

33
Q

Loci

A

Position of gene on chromosome

34
Q

Linkage group

A

All genes on one chromosome

35
Q

How can you break linkage between genes and what varies this likelihood

A

Crossover
Crossover less likely, closer genes are together

36
Q

Sex linkage

A

Locus of gene on same sex chromosome
Most sex linked genes on X chromosome, longer than Y, more likely

37
Q

Hemizygous

A

One copy of an allele

38
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated
Capacity to keep dividing

39
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Theoretical no. Times cell can divide

40
Q

Name 3 types of stem cell

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

41
Q

Totipotent

A

Cell can give rise to all cell types

42
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cell can give rise to many cell types

43
Q

Multipotent

A

Cell can give rise to some cell types

44
Q

Example use of stem cells

A

Leukaemia
Bone marrow transplant
Matched donor

45
Q

Embryonic pluripotent stem cells vs adult multipotent range of possible cells

A

High, low

46
Q

Embryonic pluripotent stem cells vs adult multipotent requirement to match

A

Yes, no

47
Q

Embryonic pluripotent stem cells vs adult multipotent ethical concerns

A

High, low

48
Q

What do all cells except red blood cells contain

A

Whole genome

49
Q

Experiment to show un/differentiated cells

A

mRNA: cDNA hybrid molecules, represent genes on both
cDNA single stranded molecules, represent genes only switched on in differentiated cells
mRNA single stranded molecules, represent genes switched on only in undifferentiated cells

50
Q

Un/differentiated cells experiment process

A

Undiff cells frogspawn mRNA extracted
Diff cells mRNA extracted, cDNA made using reverse transcriptase
mRNA digested
cDNA and mRNA combined
Any mRNA also in diff cells will combine with cDNA —> double strand
Free cDNA is from mRNA only in diff cells

51
Q

2 stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitotic stage

52
Q

What happens during interphase

A

Energy store increase
Cell grows in size
Organelles replicated
DNA copied

53
Q

What happens during mitotic stage

A

Nuclear division (mitosis)
Cell division (cytokinesis)

54
Q

Appearance during interphase

A

Cant see chromosomes

55
Q

Name of centre of homologous chromosomes

A

Centromere

56
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

57
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Central cell membrane pulle dinwards
Groove made
Membranes fuse to form 2 cells

58
Q

Ways in which plant cell division differs from animal (3)

A

Centrioles not involved in spindle fibres, no centrioles in cell
Membrane cant furrow inwards, Golgi apparatus makes vesicles down middle, form membrane
Cellulose cell wall forms down centre

59
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes visible
Nuceleolus dissapeas
Spindle fibres join centromeres to centrioles
Nuclear membrane breaks down

60
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along equator
Spindle fibres attach

61
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres shorten
Pull chromatids towards opposite poles

62
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibres dissapear
Nuclear membranes reform around 2 separate chromosome groups

63
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Vesicles fuse with sperm membrane
Digestive enzymes released
Zona pellucida broken down

64
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Cortical granules fuse with ovum membrane
Enzymes released
Zona pellucida hardens so no mor sperm can enter

65
Q

Mitotic index

A

No. Cells in mitosis / total no. Cells x100

66
Q

Define a cell and give an example (3)

A

Smallest unit capable of independent life
Bound by a membrane
Contains organelles
Eg. Red blood cell

67
Q

Define a tissue and give an example (5)

A

Group of similar cells
Express similar genes
Same function
Cells have memebrane adhesion proteins
Some have cells AND Extracellular matrix
Eg. Muscle tissue

68
Q

Define a organ and give an example (2)

A

Group of interconnected tissues
Work together to complete functions
Eg. Liver

69
Q

Define an organ system and give an example

A

Group of organs
Work together in coordination
Eg. Circulatory system

70
Q

What is the Jacob-Monod hypothesis

A

Genes will be switched on in response to environmental stimulae

71
Q

Lac Operon

A

B-galactosidase enzyme, lactose —> glucose
Only produced in presence of lactose
Absent
Repressor molecule —> DNA
Prevent B-galactose gene
RNA polymerase cant bind/transcribe
Present
Repressor molecule prevented from binding
Binds to lactose
Translation of gene
Enzyme made

72
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

Characteristics shows one of few discrete possibilities
Eg. Eye colour

73
Q

Continuous variation

A

Characteristic shows wide range of possibilities
Controlled by many genes
Mixture of genetic and environmental
Eg. Height

74
Q

Transcription factors

A

Important in gene expression
Typically control short term gene activation

75
Q

Epigenetic changes

A

Modify chromosome but not DNA base sequence

76
Q

DNA methylation

A

Addition of methyl; group to cytosine in CpG position, DNA tightly coiled ad inaccessible, turns off epigenetic change

77
Q

Histone modification

A

Addition of acetyl group to histone protein
DNA inaccessible
Turns on epigenetic change

78
Q

What 2 processes turn epigenetic changes on and off

A

DNA methylation: off
Histone modification: on

Biology (8 decks)

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