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Biology > T4: Biodiversity > Flashcards

T4: Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Resource examples

A

Energy (food, light)
Raw materials
Shelter
Mates

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2
Q

Competition

A

Interaction of individuals contending for a limited resource
Change in fitness

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3
Q

Population

A

Group of same species found in a habitat

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4
Q

Community

A

Group of populations found in a habitat

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

Habitat and the biotic and abiotic factors within it

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6
Q

Habitat

A

Area in which an organism lives

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7
Q

Abiotic

A

No living factors that effect an ecosystem

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8
Q

Biotic

A

Living factors that effect an ecosystem

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9
Q

Abiotic factor examples

A

Soil pH
Nutrient availability
Salinity
Altitude
Space
Emperature
Light
Wind
Oxygen concentration

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10
Q

Biotic factors

A

Predators
Competition (limited resource availability)

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11
Q

Types of competition (4)

A

Indirect
Direct
Interspecific (different species)
Intraspecific (same species)

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12
Q

Threats to ecosystems (9)

A

Humans
Habitat destruction
Habitat degradation
Habitat fragmentation
Overexploitation
Climate change
Land use change
Pollution
Invasive species

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13
Q

Habitat destruction

A

Removal

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14
Q

Habitat degradation

A

Reduced quality

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15
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

Break into smaller pieces

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16
Q

Overexploitation

A

Excess resource use

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17
Q

Climate change

A

Global/regional climate patterns

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18
Q

Land use change

A

Natural landscape changed by human activity

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19
Q

Pollution

A

Harmful chemicals in environment

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20
Q

Invasive species

A

Non-native out compete native species

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21
Q

Adapting

A

Process of organism changing to become more suited to environment

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22
Q

Adaptations

A

Characteristic that makes species suited to environment
Better niche exploitation

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23
Q

3 types of adaptations

A

Behavioural
Physiological
Anatomical

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24
Q

Behavioural adaptation

A

Actions by organism that help them survive/reproduce

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25
Q

Physiological adaptation

A

Internal organism features that help them survive/reproduce

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26
Q

Anatomical adaptation

A

Structures we can we wen we observe/dissect an organism

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27
Q

Co-adaptation

A

Dependent on each other
Closely adapted
(Eg. Brazil nut, orchid bee)

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28
Q

Species

A

Similar morphology/physiology/behaviour
Interbreed —> fertile offspring
Reproductively isolated from other species

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29
Q

Species change over time

A

New species can arise
Classified as 1/2 species

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30
Q

Morphology

A

Physical difference/similarity
Unreliable
Variation
Environmental factors

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31
Q

Molecular phylogeny

A

Better than morphology
Compare DNA/RNA/proteins

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32
Q

Reasons to categorise

A

Communication between scientists
Conservation
Characterise habitats

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33
Q

Species differentiation (3)

A

Observe fertile offspring of population in natural conditions
Phenotypes
DNA barcode

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34
Q

Niche

A

Way in which an organism exploits its environment

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35
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Total area containing environmental conditions that the species could theoretically tolerate

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36
Q

Preferred niche

A

Area within fundamental niche with ideal conditions

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37
Q

Realised niche

A

Part of fundamental niche where species is actually found

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38
Q

Overlapping niches

A

Direct competition
1 outperforms/better adapted
Competative exclusion

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39
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Alter niche to avoid competition
Divide resources
Share habitat, no direct competition

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40
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

P + q = 1
P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

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41
Q

Features of Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

P homozygous dominant
Q homozygous recessive
PQ heterozygous

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42
Q

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions

A

No selection
No mutation
No migration
Not polygenic
Large population
Random mating

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43
Q

Uses for Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

Predicts allele frequency doesn’t change over time
If it does change, assumption broken, natural selection
Cant directly oversee allele frequency
Phenotype observed to indicate allele frequency

44
Q

Darwin’s theory

A

Variation in species, gene mutation
Competition factor
Survival of the fittest, natural selection
Survivors breed, pass on favourable characteristic to offspring
Occurs many times, new species with favourable characteristic
Evolution

45
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Differential survival of individuals depending on how well they’re adapted to environment

46
Q

Selective advantage

A

Fitter, more likely to pass on alleles

47
Q

Types of allele frequency

A

Advantageous, individual benefit
Neutral, no benefit/deficit
Disadvantageous, individual deficit
Change in environment, change allele frequency effect

48
Q

Natural selection genetic impact

A

Mutation
Larger gene pool size
More biodiversity/genetic diversity
More likely to have advantageous gene, higher frequency
Change anatomy, physiology, behaviour to survive

49
Q

Gene pool

A

All the allies in a population

50
Q

Adaptation data features

A

Selection pressure strength
Gene pool size
Organism reproduction rate
Lag time
Never perfect: adapt to niche, avoid Interspecific competition, vulnerable to environment changes

51
Q

Selection graphs (5)

A

Normal
Stabilising
Directional
Disruptive
Balancing

52
Q

Normal adaptation graph

A

Bell curve

53
Q

Stabilising adaptation graph

A

Culls extremes
Narrow bell curve

54
Q

Direction adaptation graph

A

Favour 1 extreme
Curve shifts left/right

55
Q

Disruptive adaptation graph

A

Favours extreme
Bimodal curve

56
Q

Balancing adaptation graph

A

Variety maintained
Keep disadvantageous allele
Heterozygous advantage

57
Q

2 factors effecting biodiversity

A

Species richness
Species eveness

58
Q

What is the trend and effects between species richness, evenness and biodiversity

A

Higher bath factors = higher biodiversity
Wider range of allele frequency
More resistant to environmental change

59
Q

3 ways genetic variation can occur

A

Meiosis
Fertalisation
Mutation

60
Q

How do we quantify biodiversity

A

Grouped based on genetic/anatomical similarities
Evolutionary relationships
Simpson index of biodiversity
Heterozygosity index

61
Q

Species richness

A

No. Diff species in a habitat

62
Q

Species evenness

A

Population size of each species
High evenness: community where most species have same abundance
Dominant organism: most common in habitat, can be at expense of another organism, if large community, vulnerable to environmental change

63
Q

Simpson index of biodiversity

A

D = N(N-1) / E n(n-1)
N - total no. Organism in ALL species
n - total number organisms in ONE species
D - diversity index, probability that 2 randomly deflected individual belong to same species

64
Q

Heterozygosity index, what it indicates, causes and how it’s found

A

H = No. heterozygotes / total population
Measure range of alleles in species/population
Populations mostly heterozygous - more genetic variation
Determined by DNA sequencing
DNA digested by enzymes, frag,emits separated by electrophoresis, probes detect particular gene (light/dark), 2 or 1 bands homo/heterozygous

65
Q

Endemic species

A

species that naturally occur in a particular geographic territory with a limited range.

66
Q

generalists

A

Species that live in many geographical areas, not endemic

67
Q

Relationship between endemic and endangered species

A

Endemic species can be endangered but aren’t always, endangered species aren’t always endemic

68
Q

Native species

A

Species that naturally occur in the specific geographic range where they are found.

69
Q

Why are endemic species more likely to be endangered

A

face a local threat
do not have reserve populations elsewhere
more vulnerable to extinction

70
Q

Describe the general location of most biodiversity hotspots

A

Equator
Lots of light energy
Many plants can thrive
Rainforests

71
Q

Scientific research acceptance process

A

• Peer review journal
• Critically evaluate
• Wider community repeat it, test validity

72
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Initial classification process
Binomial naming system
Exclude domain and life

73
Q

Carl Linnaeus naming system (little dumb kids playing catch on freeway get squashed)

A

Species (lower case)
Genus (cap letter)
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Life

74
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Computer assisted taxonomy, easily updated
New organism anatomically/genetically analysed
Evolutionary map

75
Q

Common evolutionary ancestor

A

Species in a taxon more closely related to each other than species in another taxa

76
Q

Carl Woese

A

Compare prokaryote ribosome RNA sequence
Make bacteria phylogenies
Electrophoresis, prokaryotes vary, different cell walls, RNA, fatty acids

77
Q

Phylogenies

A

Evolutionary history of species/group

78
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Diagram that displays lines of evolutionary descent

79
Q

Cellulose (4)

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds
Beta glucose
Very other monomer rotate 180*
Permeable except lignin/Suberin

80
Q

Cell wall structure (5)

A

Pectin
Hemicellulose
Cellulose microfibrils
Middle lamella
Primary cell wall

81
Q

Pectin

A

Cements cellulose together

82
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Cross linking glycan
Bind microfibrils

83
Q

Cellulose microfibrils (6)

A

Cellulose straight chains
H bonding between adjacent cellulose OH groups
Collective H bonds, strong
Helical structure
Stuck with polysaccharide
Microfibrils laid in different angles, composite, strong, flexible

84
Q

Middle lamella

A

Pectin, calcium ions
Calcium pectate

85
Q

Primary cell wall

A

Pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose microfibrils
Freely permeable

86
Q

7 plant cell features

A

Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Amyloplasts
Middle lamella
Pits
Plasmodesmata

87
Q

Vacuole (4)

A

Cell sap (sugar/salt) filled space
Permeable
Control osmosis, keep cell turgid
Tonoplast (membrane)

88
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Make own nutrients
Photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll/ribosomes, light energy —> glucose
Contain DNA, outer membrane, inner folded membrane, cristae

89
Q

Amyloplasts

A

Vacuole
Stores starch garins

90
Q

Middle lamella

A

Between adjacent cells
Cell walls fused
Pectin/calcium ions

91
Q

Pits

A

Advantageous weakness
Allow MOS

92
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Tubes
Connect adjacent cells
Allow MOS

93
Q

Parenchyma

A

Packing tissue
Between specialised tissue
Similar functions to surrounding specialised cells

94
Q

Describe the dicotyledon

A

Sclerenchyma
Epidermis: protective tissue
Cambium
Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma: packing tissue

95
Q

Schlerenchyma

A

Around vascular bundle, outer side of phloem
Supoort plant weight
Cellulose cell wall
lignin secondary thickening, kill cells, waterproof
Hollow tubes

96
Q

What 3 factors vary the strength/lignification of a schlerencyma

A

Species
Length of fibre/height of plant
Degree of lignification

97
Q

Xylem

A

Centre of vascular bundle
Transport AND support
Transport mineral ions and water
Roots —> shoots
Continuous (no end walls) dead column
Perforated, bordered pits, incomplete lignification, water can pass
Cell wrapped in lignin coil, waterproof, cell dead

98
Q

Phloem

A

Outer side of xylem
Sources —> sinks
Transport amino acids and sucrose
2 way flow
No nucelus
Companion cells, mitochondria, AT
Sieve/lumen
Sieve plates, perforation, quick diffusion
Cytoplasm, thin

99
Q

Retting

A

Stem cut and pulled
Left to rot, microbial action breaks down stem
Stems immersed in water, bac/fungi break down soft tissue/not cellulose
A: Uniform, high quality, easy to remove fibres
D: Expensive, makes nitrogenous sate, treated before disposal

100
Q

Mass transport

A

Bulk transport of substances to all parts of organism using mass flow

101
Q

Transpiration stream (3)

A

Water vapour diffuses, leaf —> substomal cavity —> stomata, down conc grad
Water replaced by capillary action
Water drawn up/down xylem under tension, cohesion linked, continuous water column

102
Q

Translocation

A

Leaves/source —> roots/sink
Sucrose, source —> (AT) transfer cell —> (D) phloem
High sucrose conc in phloem
Water, xylem —> (O) phloem
High hydrostatic pressure near source
Translocation of substances to low pressure sink
Sucrose, phloem —> (D) transfer cell —> sink
Water, phloem —> (O) xylem, transpiration stream

103
Q

Transfer cell adaptation

A

Cell wall and membrane unfolding, increase SA
Many plasmodesmata, link cytoplasm to cells
Many mitochondria, energy for AT

104
Q

Name natural fibres

A

Jute
Hemp
Cotton
Ines
Wool

105
Q

Biofuels/bio plastics pros and cons
Starch/cellulose polymers

A

Less pollution
More carbon neutral
More sustainable
Space to grow
Transportation cost
Biodiesel split via cracking

106
Q

Role of zoos (5)

A

Scientific research
Captive breeding programme
Maintain genetic diversity
Reintroduce wild animals
Education

107
Q

Seedbanks role

A

Preserve genetic diversity of habitats/species
Dried storage (-20*C)

Biology (8 decks)

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