T4: Biodiversity Flashcards
Resource examples
Energy (food, light)
Raw materials
Shelter
Mates
Competition
Interaction of individuals contending for a limited resource
Change in fitness
Population
Group of same species found in a habitat
Community
Group of populations found in a habitat
Ecosystem
Habitat and the biotic and abiotic factors within it
Habitat
Area in which an organism lives
Abiotic
No living factors that effect an ecosystem
Biotic
Living factors that effect an ecosystem
Abiotic factor examples
Soil pH
Nutrient availability
Salinity
Altitude
Space
Emperature
Light
Wind
Oxygen concentration
Biotic factors
Predators
Competition (limited resource availability)
Types of competition (4)
Indirect
Direct
Interspecific (different species)
Intraspecific (same species)
Threats to ecosystems (9)
Humans
Habitat destruction
Habitat degradation
Habitat fragmentation
Overexploitation
Climate change
Land use change
Pollution
Invasive species
Habitat destruction
Removal
Habitat degradation
Reduced quality
Habitat fragmentation
Break into smaller pieces
Overexploitation
Excess resource use
Climate change
Global/regional climate patterns
Land use change
Natural landscape changed by human activity
Pollution
Harmful chemicals in environment
Invasive species
Non-native out compete native species
Adapting
Process of organism changing to become more suited to environment
Adaptations
Characteristic that makes species suited to environment
Better niche exploitation
3 types of adaptations
Behavioural
Physiological
Anatomical
Behavioural adaptation
Actions by organism that help them survive/reproduce
Physiological adaptation
Internal organism features that help them survive/reproduce
Anatomical adaptation
Structures we can we wen we observe/dissect an organism
Co-adaptation
Dependent on each other
Closely adapted
(Eg. Brazil nut, orchid bee)
Species
Similar morphology/physiology/behaviour
Interbreed —> fertile offspring
Reproductively isolated from other species
Species change over time
New species can arise
Classified as 1/2 species
Morphology
Physical difference/similarity
Unreliable
Variation
Environmental factors
Molecular phylogeny
Better than morphology
Compare DNA/RNA/proteins
Reasons to categorise
Communication between scientists
Conservation
Characterise habitats
Species differentiation (3)
Observe fertile offspring of population in natural conditions
Phenotypes
DNA barcode
Niche
Way in which an organism exploits its environment
Fundamental niche
Total area containing environmental conditions that the species could theoretically tolerate
Preferred niche
Area within fundamental niche with ideal conditions
Realised niche
Part of fundamental niche where species is actually found
Overlapping niches
Direct competition
1 outperforms/better adapted
Competative exclusion
Resource partitioning
Alter niche to avoid competition
Divide resources
Share habitat, no direct competition
Hardy-Weinberg principle
P + q = 1
P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Features of Hardy-Weinberg principle
P homozygous dominant
Q homozygous recessive
PQ heterozygous
Hardy-Weinberg assumptions
No selection
No mutation
No migration
Not polygenic
Large population
Random mating
Uses for Hardy-Weinberg principle
Predicts allele frequency doesn’t change over time
If it does change, assumption broken, natural selection
Cant directly oversee allele frequency
Phenotype observed to indicate allele frequency
Darwin’s theory
Variation in species, gene mutation
Competition factor
Survival of the fittest, natural selection
Survivors breed, pass on favourable characteristic to offspring
Occurs many times, new species with favourable characteristic
Evolution
Survival of the fittest
Differential survival of individuals depending on how well they’re adapted to environment
Selective advantage
Fitter, more likely to pass on alleles
Types of allele frequency
Advantageous, individual benefit
Neutral, no benefit/deficit
Disadvantageous, individual deficit
Change in environment, change allele frequency effect
Natural selection genetic impact
Mutation
Larger gene pool size
More biodiversity/genetic diversity
More likely to have advantageous gene, higher frequency
Change anatomy, physiology, behaviour to survive
Gene pool
All the allies in a population
Adaptation data features
Selection pressure strength
Gene pool size
Organism reproduction rate
Lag time
Never perfect: adapt to niche, avoid Interspecific competition, vulnerable to environment changes
Selection graphs (5)
Normal
Stabilising
Directional
Disruptive
Balancing
Normal adaptation graph
Bell curve
Stabilising adaptation graph
Culls extremes
Narrow bell curve
Direction adaptation graph
Favour 1 extreme
Curve shifts left/right
Disruptive adaptation graph
Favours extreme
Bimodal curve
Balancing adaptation graph
Variety maintained
Keep disadvantageous allele
Heterozygous advantage
2 factors effecting biodiversity
Species richness
Species eveness
What is the trend and effects between species richness, evenness and biodiversity
Higher bath factors = higher biodiversity
Wider range of allele frequency
More resistant to environmental change
3 ways genetic variation can occur
Meiosis
Fertalisation
Mutation
How do we quantify biodiversity
Grouped based on genetic/anatomical similarities
Evolutionary relationships
Simpson index of biodiversity
Heterozygosity index
Species richness
No. Diff species in a habitat
Species evenness
Population size of each species
High evenness: community where most species have same abundance
Dominant organism: most common in habitat, can be at expense of another organism, if large community, vulnerable to environmental change
Simpson index of biodiversity
D = N(N-1) / E n(n-1)
N - total no. Organism in ALL species
n - total number organisms in ONE species
D - diversity index, probability that 2 randomly deflected individual belong to same species
Heterozygosity index, what it indicates, causes and how it’s found
H = No. heterozygotes / total population
Measure range of alleles in species/population
Populations mostly heterozygous - more genetic variation
Determined by DNA sequencing
DNA digested by enzymes, frag,emits separated by electrophoresis, probes detect particular gene (light/dark), 2 or 1 bands homo/heterozygous
Endemic species
species that naturally occur in a particular geographic territory with a limited range.
generalists
Species that live in many geographical areas, not endemic
Relationship between endemic and endangered species
Endemic species can be endangered but aren’t always, endangered species aren’t always endemic
Native species
Species that naturally occur in the specific geographic range where they are found.
Why are endemic species more likely to be endangered
face a local threat
do not have reserve populations elsewhere
more vulnerable to extinction
Describe the general location of most biodiversity hotspots
Equator
Lots of light energy
Many plants can thrive
Rainforests
Scientific research acceptance process
• Peer review journal
• Critically evaluate
• Wider community repeat it, test validity
Carl Linnaeus
Initial classification process
Binomial naming system
Exclude domain and life
Carl Linnaeus naming system (little dumb kids playing catch on freeway get squashed)
Species (lower case)
Genus (cap letter)
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Life
Dichotomous key
Computer assisted taxonomy, easily updated
New organism anatomically/genetically analysed
Evolutionary map
Common evolutionary ancestor
Species in a taxon more closely related to each other than species in another taxa
Carl Woese
Compare prokaryote ribosome RNA sequence
Make bacteria phylogenies
Electrophoresis, prokaryotes vary, different cell walls, RNA, fatty acids
Phylogenies
Evolutionary history of species/group
Phylogenetic tree
Diagram that displays lines of evolutionary descent
Cellulose (4)
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Beta glucose
Very other monomer rotate 180*
Permeable except lignin/Suberin
Cell wall structure (5)
Pectin
Hemicellulose
Cellulose microfibrils
Middle lamella
Primary cell wall
Pectin
Cements cellulose together
Hemicellulose
Cross linking glycan
Bind microfibrils
Cellulose microfibrils (6)
Cellulose straight chains
H bonding between adjacent cellulose OH groups
Collective H bonds, strong
Helical structure
Stuck with polysaccharide
Microfibrils laid in different angles, composite, strong, flexible
Middle lamella
Pectin, calcium ions
Calcium pectate
Primary cell wall
Pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose microfibrils
Freely permeable
7 plant cell features
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Amyloplasts
Middle lamella
Pits
Plasmodesmata
Vacuole (4)
Cell sap (sugar/salt) filled space
Permeable
Control osmosis, keep cell turgid
Tonoplast (membrane)
Chloroplasts
Make own nutrients
Photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll/ribosomes, light energy —> glucose
Contain DNA, outer membrane, inner folded membrane, cristae
Amyloplasts
Vacuole
Stores starch garins
Middle lamella
Between adjacent cells
Cell walls fused
Pectin/calcium ions
Pits
Advantageous weakness
Allow MOS
Plasmodesmata
Tubes
Connect adjacent cells
Allow MOS
Parenchyma
Packing tissue
Between specialised tissue
Similar functions to surrounding specialised cells
Describe the dicotyledon
Sclerenchyma
Epidermis: protective tissue
Cambium
Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma: packing tissue
Schlerenchyma
Around vascular bundle, outer side of phloem
Supoort plant weight
Cellulose cell wall
lignin secondary thickening, kill cells, waterproof
Hollow tubes
What 3 factors vary the strength/lignification of a schlerencyma
Species
Length of fibre/height of plant
Degree of lignification
Xylem
Centre of vascular bundle
Transport AND support
Transport mineral ions and water
Roots —> shoots
Continuous (no end walls) dead column
Perforated, bordered pits, incomplete lignification, water can pass
Cell wrapped in lignin coil, waterproof, cell dead
Phloem
Outer side of xylem
Sources —> sinks
Transport amino acids and sucrose
2 way flow
No nucelus
Companion cells, mitochondria, AT
Sieve/lumen
Sieve plates, perforation, quick diffusion
Cytoplasm, thin
Retting
Stem cut and pulled
Left to rot, microbial action breaks down stem
Stems immersed in water, bac/fungi break down soft tissue/not cellulose
A: Uniform, high quality, easy to remove fibres
D: Expensive, makes nitrogenous sate, treated before disposal
Mass transport
Bulk transport of substances to all parts of organism using mass flow
Transpiration stream (3)
Water vapour diffuses, leaf —> substomal cavity —> stomata, down conc grad
Water replaced by capillary action
Water drawn up/down xylem under tension, cohesion linked, continuous water column
Translocation
Leaves/source —> roots/sink
Sucrose, source —> (AT) transfer cell —> (D) phloem
High sucrose conc in phloem
Water, xylem —> (O) phloem
High hydrostatic pressure near source
Translocation of substances to low pressure sink
Sucrose, phloem —> (D) transfer cell —> sink
Water, phloem —> (O) xylem, transpiration stream
Transfer cell adaptation
Cell wall and membrane unfolding, increase SA
Many plasmodesmata, link cytoplasm to cells
Many mitochondria, energy for AT
Name natural fibres
Jute
Hemp
Cotton
Ines
Wool
Biofuels/bio plastics pros and cons
Starch/cellulose polymers
Less pollution
More carbon neutral
More sustainable
Space to grow
Transportation cost
Biodiesel split via cracking
Role of zoos (5)
Scientific research
Captive breeding programme
Maintain genetic diversity
Reintroduce wild animals
Education
Seedbanks role
Preserve genetic diversity of habitats/species
Dried storage (-20*C)
