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Biology > T1: Lifestyle, Health And Risk > Flashcards

T1: Lifestyle, Health And Risk Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

Pump blood containing substances like oxygen for aerobic respiration

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2
Q

Why do animals need a mass transport system

A

Multicellular
Smaller SA:V
Too far diffusion distance to cells in centre of organism to rely on diffusion alone
Mass flow system so substances can be efficiently transported over longer distances

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3
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

Blood circulates in open space
Blood pumped in cavities near organs
Heart relaxes, blood drawn cavity->valved opening->heart
Eg. Insects

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4
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in vessels
Higher pressure/faster flow
Increased diffusion
Arteries and veins
Eg. Humans

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5
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

Flows through hart once/complete circuit
Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to gills
Diffusion of CO2 out/O2 in
Gills->body->heart
Eg. Fish

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6
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Oxygenated blood -> left ventricle -> body
Flows through heart twice/complete circuit
Extra boost, less time, faster metabolism

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7
Q

Generally why is water a good transport medium

A

Solvent as is a dipole

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8
Q

Describe the structure of a water molecule

A

2 hydrogen atoms 104.5* apart covalently bonded to 1 oxygen atom
Oxygen atom is slightly negatively charged
Hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged

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9
Q

Name 2 thermal water properties and how they aid its function

A

High SHC: good thermal insulator
High latent heat of vaporisation: good coolant (sweat)

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10
Q

Describe the chemical properties of water that aid its function

A

Universal solvent
Ions react with/dissolve with dipole molecule
Polar molecules (glucose, ethanol, hormones, proteins, urea)
Can transport substances for metabolic reactions

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11
Q

Name four characteristics of the human heart

A

Double pump
Made from cardiac muscle
Right: deoxygenated blood-> lungs
Left: oxygenated blood->body

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12
Q

What 3 substances construct a vessel

A

Collagen (tough/fibrous protein)
Elastic fibres (stretch/recoil)
Smooth muscle cells (constrict/dilate)

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13
Q

Arteries

A

Narrow lumen
Thick walls
Usually carry oxygenated blood from the heart (except PA0
More collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

Veins

A

Wide lumen
Thinner walls
Usually carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except PV)
Less collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle cells
Valves o maintain blood pressure

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Small, supply cells with oxygen
Red blood cells can pass through
Small an flexible
One cell thick (low dd)

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

Inferior/superior vena cava
Right atrium
AV valve (tricuspid)
Right ventricle
SL valve (pulmonary)
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
AV valve (mitral)
Left ventricle
SL valve (aortic)
Aorta
Septum
Ligaments

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17
Q

Define systole and diastole

A

S: contract
D: relax

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18
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial diastole: blood body->atria, AV/SL shut, low pressure
Atrial systole: blood atria->ventricles AV open SL shut, high pressure in atria
Ventricular systole: blood ventricles->arteries, AV shut (lub) SL open, high pressure in ventricles
Ventricular diastole: blood arteries->body, AV/SL shut (dub), low pressure

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19
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of blood vessels

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20
Q

Describe how atherosclerosis occurs
(Do i want cool aunts callling every hour no bitch)

A

Endothelium wall damaged (high bp/smoking)
Inflammatory response
White blood cells->damaged wall
Cholesterol accumulates
Atheroma forms
Calcium ions/collagen accumulate
Decrease wall elasticity
Hard plaque forms
Artery narrows
Local bp increases
Atherosclerosis

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21
Q

Describe how blood clotting occurs and increases the risk of CVD

A

Platelets stick to exposed collagen on damaged artery wall
Plateletbplug forms
Thromboplastic realsee
Prothrombin->thrombin
Fibrinogen->fibrin
Network across wound
Red blood cells stick
Clot forms
Blocks/narrows vessels
High bp, heart attack, stroke

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22
Q

Name 7 risk factors for CVD

A

Gender (male)
High blood pressure
Smoking
Old age
Genes
High fat/salt diet
Lack of exercise

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23
Q

Explain why high blood pressure is a risk factor for CVD

A

Increases risk of endothelial disfunction

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24
Q

Explain why smoking is a risk factor for CVD

A

Chemicals cause endothelial dysfunction
Vasoconstriction -> higher bp

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25
Q

Explain why age is a risk factor for CVD

A

Atherosclerosis is accumulative
Elasticity decreases -> higher bp

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26
Q

Explain why genes is a risk factor for CVD

A

Familial hypercholesterolaernia
Appetite genes
Atheroma formation genes

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27
Q

Explain why diet/exercise is a risk factor for CVD

A
  • More cholesterol, absorbs water from plasma, cells lack water
    • Obesity, more blood vessels, higher bp, more blood clots
    • Underweight energy input < output (illness, ED, excessive exercise, stress, high BMR)
    • Overweight energy output > input (overeating/drinking, low exercise)
28
Q

Explain the difference between correlation and causation

A

Not the same thing
Correlation COULD have causal link but extra evidence is necessary

29
Q

Name and explain 3 study considerations

A

Sample size, larger = more reliable
Sample selection, representative
Clear research questions, single focus

30
Q

Name an describe 3 types of studies

A

Cohort (longer)
- Population, FOT, w/wo condition, compare
risk factor exposure
- Population un/exposed to risk factor, FOT,
w/wo condition, compare risk factor
exposure
Case control studies
- Cases w/wo condition, take risk factor history

31
Q

Which 3 elements make up carbohydrates and in what ratio

A

CHO 1:2:1

32
Q

Define a saccharide

A

Ring of c with one o

33
Q

Name and describe 6 monosaccharides

A

Alpha (aerobic respiration)
Beta (c1 switch OH and H)
Ribose (C5H10O5, RNA)
Deoxyribose (C5H10O5, DNA, C2 OH -> H)
Fructose
Galactose

34
Q

Name and describe 3 disaccharides

A

Maltose (2X alpha glucose, 1,4 cov glycosidic bonds)
Sucrose (alpha glucose and fructose, 1,2)
Lactose (alpha glucose and galactose, 1,4)

35
Q

Describe how monosaccharides are joined together and split apart

A

Joined via condensation (makes water), left loses H, right loses OH, glycosidic bond holds in place
Hydrolysis reverses, add water

36
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides

A

Polymers
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

37
Q

Starch

A

Storage in plants
Amylose
Long spiral chains
1,4
Amylopectin
Branched
1,4 and 1,6

38
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage in animals
Alpha glucose
1,4 and 1,6 (higher frequency than amylopectin)

39
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose
Long chain
Broken down by cellulase
Each monomer rotates 180*

40
Q

Why is starch a good energy store

A

Long, insoluble, no effect on osmosis
Spiral, high energy density
Branched, easily hydrolysed

41
Q

What is blood pressure (give units)

A

Hydrostatic force of blood against the vessel wall bpm
Systolic (pulse) / diastolic (elastic recoil)

42
Q

Recall the blood pressure categories

A

Low 90/60
Normal 120/80
Prehypertension 140/90
Hypertension stage 1 160/100
Hypertension stage 2 180/110
High crisis 180/110

43
Q

Name 3 uses for obesity indicators

A

Reduce energy in diet
Increase exercise
CVD risk detected

44
Q

Name 4 obesity indicators

A

BMI
Body fat %
Waist : hip ratio
Waist circumference

45
Q

BMI

A

Mass (Kg)/Height*2 (m)
Underweight <18.5
Normal 18.5-25
Overweight 25-30
Obese 30-40
Morbidly obese >40

46
Q

Body fat %

A

Fat callipers
Males
Thin <10
Normal 10-25
Obese >25
Females
Thin <20
Normal 20-35
Obese >35

47
Q

Waist : hip ratio

A

Males < 0.9
Females 0.85

48
Q

Waist circumference

A

Male < 37 inch
Female < 31.5 inch

49
Q

Name 4 general CVD treatments

A

Anti-hypertensives
Statins
Anticoagulants
Platelet inhibitory drugs

50
Q

Generally describe anti hypertensives, name 3 types and a side effect

A

Reduce blood pressure
Drugs
Less endothelial dysfunction, atheroma, atherosclerosis…
Side effects: dizziness, fainting
Diuretics
Calcium Chanel blockers
ACE inhibitors

51
Q

Diuretics

A

Increase urine vol
Less permeable collecting duct
Less water in blood
Less blood vol
Lower bp

52
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Ca2+ needed for muscle contraction
Less lumen wall muscle contraction
Larger lumen
Lower bp
Side effect: constipation

53
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Increase artery wal muscle contraction
Less angiotensin
Lower bp
Impaired kidney function

54
Q

Statins

A

Inhibit liver LDL colesterol making enzymes
Low LDL cholesterol
Less Atheroma formed
Low risk
Side effects: muscle pains, change eating habits

55
Q

Anticoagulants, example, side effect

A

Warfarin
Decrease blood clotting risk
Dosage important
Side effects: uncontrolled bleeding

56
Q

Platelet inhibitory drugs

A

Aspirin
Reduces platelet stickiness
Less clot risk
Side effect: internal bleeding

57
Q

Draw a lipid

A

Glycerol C3H5(OH)3
3X fatty acids

58
Q

Lipids

A

Condensation reaction
C, H, O
Less oxygen than carbohydrates

59
Q

Types of fatty acid

A

Saturated: all c-c bonds
Monounsaturated: 1 c=c bond
Polyunsaturated: more than 1 c=c bond

60
Q

Fats

A

Solid room temp
Usually animal
Saturated fatty acid
Long straight chains
High mp

61
Q

Oils

A

Liquid room temp
Usually plants
Unsaturated fatty acids
Kinked chains
Low mp

62
Q

Uses of lipids

A

Energy storage (approx 2X carbs)
Thermal insulation
Water storage (1g lipid = 1g water)
Makes chemicals (phospholipids, hormones)

63
Q

Where is cholesterol made

A

Liver

64
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoprotein
Soluble
Saturated
Liver -> cells
Bad diet
Atheroma

65
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein
Higher proportion of protein
Unsaturated fats
Cells -> liver

66
Q

Assessing cholesterol risk

A

HDL > LDL
LDL:HDL
Total < 5mmol/l
LDL < 3mmol/l
HDL > 1 mmol/l
Familial hypercholesterolemia, defective receptor

67
Q

What chemical and function is vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid
Reducing sgent

Biology (8 decks)

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