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Biology > T1: Lifestyle, Health And Risk > Flashcards

T1: Lifestyle, Health And Risk Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

Pump blood containing substances like oxygen for aerobic respiration

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2
Q

Why do animals need a mass transport system

A

Multicellular
Smaller SA:V
Too far diffusion distance to cells in centre of organism to rely on diffusion alone
Mass flow system so substances can be efficiently transported over longer distances

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3
Q

What is an open circulatory system

A

Blood circulates in open space
Blood pumped in cavities near organs
Heart relaxes, blood drawn cavity->valved opening->heart
Eg. Insects

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4
Q

What is a closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in vessels
Higher pressure/faster flow
Increased diffusion
Arteries and veins
Eg. Humans

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5
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

Flows through hart once/complete circuit
Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to gills
Diffusion of CO2 out/O2 in
Gills->body->heart
Eg. Fish

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6
Q

What is a double circulatory system

A

Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Oxygenated blood -> left ventricle -> body
Flows through heart twice/complete circuit
Extra boost, less time, faster metabolism

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7
Q

Generally why is water a good transport medium

A

Solvent as is a dipole

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8
Q

Describe the structure of a water molecule

A

2 hydrogen atoms 104.5* apart covalently bonded to 1 oxygen atom
Oxygen atom is slightly negatively charged
Hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged

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9
Q

Name 2 thermal water properties and how they aid its function

A

High SHC: good thermal insulator
High latent heat of vaporisation: good coolant (sweat)

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10
Q

Describe the chemical properties of water that aid its function

A

Universal solvent
Ions react with/dissolve with dipole molecule
Polar molecules (glucose, ethanol, hormones, proteins, urea)
Can transport substances for metabolic reactions

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11
Q

Name four characteristics of the human heart

A

Double pump
Made from cardiac muscle
Right: deoxygenated blood-> lungs
Left: oxygenated blood->body

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12
Q

What 3 substances construct a vessel

A

Collagen (tough/fibrous protein)
Elastic fibres (stretch/recoil)
Smooth muscle cells (constrict/dilate)

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13
Q

Arteries

A

Narrow lumen
Thick walls
Usually carry oxygenated blood from the heart (except PA0
More collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

Veins

A

Wide lumen
Thinner walls
Usually carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except PV)
Less collagen, elastic fibres, smooth muscle cells
Valves o maintain blood pressure

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Small, supply cells with oxygen
Red blood cells can pass through
Small an flexible
One cell thick (low dd)

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

Inferior/superior vena cava
Right atrium
AV valve (tricuspid)
Right ventricle
SL valve (pulmonary)
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
AV valve (mitral)
Left ventricle
SL valve (aortic)
Aorta
Septum
Ligaments

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17
Q

Define systole and diastole

A

S: contract
D: relax

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18
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial diastole: blood body->atria, AV/SL shut, low pressure
Atrial systole: blood atria->ventricles AV open SL shut, high pressure in atria
Ventricular systole: blood ventricles->arteries, AV shut (lub) SL open, high pressure in ventricles
Ventricular diastole: blood arteries->body, AV/SL shut (dub), low pressure

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19
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of blood vessels

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20
Q

Describe how atherosclerosis occurs
(Do i want cool aunts callling every hour no bitch)

A

Endothelium wall damaged (high bp/smoking)
Inflammatory response
White blood cells->damaged wall
Cholesterol accumulates
Atheroma forms
Calcium ions/collagen accumulate
Decrease wall elasticity
Hard plaque forms
Artery narrows
Local bp increases
Atherosclerosis

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21
Q

Describe how blood clotting occurs and increases the risk of CVD

A

Platelets stick to exposed collagen on damaged artery wall
Plateletbplug forms
Thromboplastic realsee
Prothrombin->thrombin
Fibrinogen->fibrin
Network across wound
Red blood cells stick
Clot forms
Blocks/narrows vessels
High bp, heart attack, stroke

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22
Q

Name 7 risk factors for CVD

A

Gender (male)
High blood pressure
Smoking
Old age
Genes
High fat/salt diet
Lack of exercise

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23
Q

Explain why high blood pressure is a risk factor for CVD

A

Increases risk of endothelial disfunction

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24
Q

Explain why smoking is a risk factor for CVD

A

Chemicals cause endothelial dysfunction
Vasoconstriction -> higher bp

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25
Explain why age is a risk factor for CVD
Atherosclerosis is accumulative Elasticity decreases -> higher bp
26
Explain why genes is a risk factor for CVD
Familial hypercholesterolaernia Appetite genes Atheroma formation genes
27
Explain why diet/exercise is a risk factor for CVD
- More cholesterol, absorbs water from plasma, cells lack water - Obesity, more blood vessels, higher bp, more blood clots - Underweight energy input < output (illness, ED, excessive exercise, stress, high BMR) - Overweight energy output > input (overeating/drinking, low exercise)
28
Explain the difference between correlation and causation
Not the same thing Correlation COULD have causal link but extra evidence is necessary
29
Name and explain 3 study considerations
Sample size, larger = more reliable Sample selection, representative Clear research questions, single focus
30
Name an describe 3 types of studies
Cohort (longer) - Population, FOT, w/wo condition, compare risk factor exposure - Population un/exposed to risk factor, FOT, w/wo condition, compare risk factor exposure Case control studies - Cases w/wo condition, take risk factor history
31
Which 3 elements make up carbohydrates and in what ratio
CHO 1:2:1
32
Define a saccharide
Ring of c with one o
33
Name and describe 6 monosaccharides
Alpha (aerobic respiration) Beta (c1 switch OH and H) Ribose (C5H10O5, RNA) Deoxyribose (C5H10O5, DNA, C2 OH -> H) Fructose Galactose
34
Name and describe 3 disaccharides
Maltose (2X alpha glucose, 1,4 cov glycosidic bonds) Sucrose (alpha glucose and fructose, 1,2) Lactose (alpha glucose and galactose, 1,4)
35
Describe how monosaccharides are joined together and split apart
Joined via condensation (makes water), left loses H, right loses OH, glycosidic bond holds in place Hydrolysis reverses, add water
36
Name 3 polysaccharides
Polymers Starch Glycogen Cellulose
37
Starch
Storage in plants Amylose Long spiral chains 1,4 Amylopectin Branched 1,4 and 1,6
38
Glycogen
Storage in animals Alpha glucose 1,4 and 1,6 (higher frequency than amylopectin)
39
Cellulose
Beta glucose Long chain Broken down by cellulase Each monomer rotates 180*
40
Why is starch a good energy store
Long, insoluble, no effect on osmosis Spiral, high energy density Branched, easily hydrolysed
41
What is blood pressure (give units)
Hydrostatic force of blood against the vessel wall bpm Systolic (pulse) / diastolic (elastic recoil)
42
Recall the blood pressure categories
Low 90/60 Normal 120/80 Prehypertension 140/90 Hypertension stage 1 160/100 Hypertension stage 2 180/110 High crisis 180/110
43
Name 3 uses for obesity indicators
Reduce energy in diet Increase exercise CVD risk detected
44
Name 4 obesity indicators
BMI Body fat % Waist : hip ratio Waist circumference
45
BMI
Mass (Kg)/Height*2 (m) Underweight <18.5 Normal 18.5-25 Overweight 25-30 Obese 30-40 Morbidly obese >40
46
Body fat %
Fat callipers Males Thin <10 Normal 10-25 Obese >25 Females Thin <20 Normal 20-35 Obese >35
47
Waist : hip ratio
Males < 0.9 Females 0.85
48
Waist circumference
Male < 37 inch Female < 31.5 inch
49
Name 4 general CVD treatments
Anti-hypertensives Statins Anticoagulants Platelet inhibitory drugs
50
Generally describe anti hypertensives, name 3 types and a side effect
Reduce blood pressure Drugs Less endothelial dysfunction, atheroma, atherosclerosis… Side effects: dizziness, fainting Diuretics Calcium Chanel blockers ACE inhibitors
51
Diuretics
Increase urine vol Less permeable collecting duct Less water in blood Less blood vol Lower bp
52
Calcium channel blockers
Ca2+ needed for muscle contraction Less lumen wall muscle contraction Larger lumen Lower bp Side effect: constipation
53
ACE inhibitors
Increase artery wal muscle contraction Less angiotensin Lower bp Impaired kidney function
54
Statins
Inhibit liver LDL colesterol making enzymes Low LDL cholesterol Less Atheroma formed Low risk Side effects: muscle pains, change eating habits
55
Anticoagulants, example, side effect
Warfarin Decrease blood clotting risk Dosage important Side effects: uncontrolled bleeding
56
Platelet inhibitory drugs
Aspirin Reduces platelet stickiness Less clot risk Side effect: internal bleeding
57
Draw a lipid
Glycerol C3H5(OH)3 3X fatty acids
58
Lipids
Condensation reaction C, H, O Less oxygen than carbohydrates
59
Types of fatty acid
Saturated: all c-c bonds Monounsaturated: 1 c=c bond Polyunsaturated: more than 1 c=c bond
60
Fats
Solid room temp Usually animal Saturated fatty acid Long straight chains High mp
61
Oils
Liquid room temp Usually plants Unsaturated fatty acids Kinked chains Low mp
62
Uses of lipids
Energy storage (approx 2X carbs) Thermal insulation Water storage (1g lipid = 1g water) Makes chemicals (phospholipids, hormones)
63
Where is cholesterol made
Liver
64
LDL
Low density lipoprotein Soluble Saturated Liver -> cells Bad diet Atheroma
65
HDL
High density lipoprotein Higher proportion of protein Unsaturated fats Cells -> liver
66
Assessing cholesterol risk
HDL > LDL LDL:HDL Total < 5mmol/l LDL < 3mmol/l HDL > 1 mmol/l Familial hypercholesterolemia, defective receptor
67
What chemical and function is vitamin C
Ascorbic acid Reducing sgent

Biology (8 decks)

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