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Biology > T5 - Homeostasis and response > Flashcards

T5 - Homeostasis and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.

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2
Q

What does homeostasis control in human body? x3

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water levels.
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3
Q

Feature of homeostasis systems?

A

automatic

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4
Q

what do automatic control systems involve?

A

nervous or chemical responses

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5
Q

Features of automatic control system? x3

A

-receptor cells
-coordination centre
-effector

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6
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

detect stimuli

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7
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

change in environment

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8
Q

What do coordination centres do?

A

receive and process information from receptors

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9
Q

What do effectors do?

A

carry out response to restore optimum level

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10
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour.

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11
Q

Process of reflex arc? x7

A
  1. receptor detects stimulus
  2. electrical impulses go through sensory neurone from receptor to CNS
  3. synapse releases chemical which diffuses to a relay neurone in CNS
  4. electrical impulse travels across relay neuron and reaches synapse
  5. chemical is released and triggers impulse in motor neurone
  6. impulse goes down motor neurone to effctor
  7. effector now responds
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12
Q

Transition of reflex arc?

A

receptor—sensory neurone—CNS—relay neurone—motor neurone—effector

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13
Q

Feature of reflex actions? x2

A

-automatic and rapid
-unconscious reaction

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14
Q

Functions of cerebral cortex in brain? x3

A

-language
-memory
-consciousness

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15
Q

Function of cerebellum in brain? x2

A

-controls balance
-coordinates movement

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16
Q

Function of medulla in brain ? x2

A

-controls heart rate
-controls breathing rate

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17
Q

Parts of the brain? x3

A

-cerebral cortex
-cerebellum
-medulla

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18
Q

why is it hard to study the brain and treat brain damage? x3

A

-protected by skull
-brain is complex
-brain is delicate

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19
Q

Ways that scientists investigate brain? x3

A

-look where brain damage takes place
-electrically stimulate pats of brain
-MRI scan to see which part of brain is active

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20
Q

Function of cornea in eye?

A

start focusing of light rays

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21
Q

function of lens in eye?

A

focus light rays onto back of eye

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22
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

receptor cells

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23
Q

What do receptor cells in retina allow us to do? x2

A

-detect light intensity
-detect light colour

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24
Q

function of sclera in eye?

A

protect eye

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25
Q

function of ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments?

A

allow us to focus on near or distant objects

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26
Q

function of pupil?

A

allows light rays to pass into eye

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27
Q

Function of iris?

A

control size of pupil

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28
Q

What is accommodation?

A

process of changing shape of lens to focus on near or distant objects.

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29
Q

What happens when the eyes needs to focus on distant objects? x3

A
  1. ciliary muscles relax
  2. suspensory ligaments pulled tight
  3. the lens is then pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays.
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30
Q

What happens when the eyes needs to focus on near objects? x3

A
  1. ciliary muscles contract
  2. suspensory ligaments loosen
  3. the lens is then thicker and refracts light rays strongly.
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31
Q

What lens fixes long sightedness?

A

convex lens

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32
Q

What lens fixed short sightedness?

A

concave lens

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33
Q

New technology that fixes long and short sightedness? x3

A

-hard and soft contact lenses
-laser surgery
-replacement lens in eye

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34
Q

What does laser surgery do?

A

change shape of cornea

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35
Q

Where is body temperature monitored and controlled?

A

thermoregulatory centre in the brain

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36
Q

What does thermoregulatory centre contain?

A

temperature receptors

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37
Q

Feature of temperature receptors in thermoregulatory centre?

A

sensitive to temperature of blood

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38
Q

What does temperature receptors in skin do?

A

send impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

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39
Q

What happens when body temperature gets too high? x2

A

-sweat is produced from sweat glands
-vasodilation near skin

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40
Q

Why do capillaries near skin vasodilate if the body temperature gets too high?

A

to transfer heat out of blood

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41
Q

why do sweat glands produce sweat when body temperature gets too high?

A

to transfer energy out of body

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42
Q

What happens when body temperature gets too low? x

A

-vasoconstriction
-sweating stops
-shiver

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43
Q

Why do capillaries near skin vasoconstrict if the body temperature gets too low?

A

to reduce heat loss out of blood

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44
Q

Why do we shiver when body temperature gets too low?

A

to increase rate of respiration to release heat

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45
Q

Why do we stop sweating when body temperature gets too low?

A

to reduce energy loss

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46
Q

What is endocrine system composed of?

A

glands

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47
Q

What do glands do?

A

secrete hormones into bloodstream

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48
Q

main feature of each hormones?

A

only acts on specific target organs

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49
Q

Difference between endocrine system and nervous system? x2

A

-endocrine system has slower effects
-endocrines system effects are longer lasting

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50
Q

What does pituitary gland do?

A

secretes several hormones into blood in response to body conditions

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51
Q

What do hormones released by pituitary glands do?

A

act on other glands to stimulate other hormones to be released

52
Q

What is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by?

A

pancreas

53
Q

What does the pancreas produce if blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

insulin

54
Q

What does insulin do?

A

makes glucose go from blood to cells

55
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin

56
Q

What is type 1 diabetes controlled with?

A

insulin injectors

57
Q

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

A

cells stop responding to insulin produced

58
Q

What is type 2 diabetes treated with?

A

diet and exercise

59
Q

Risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

A

obesity

60
Q

What does the pancreas produce if blood glucose concentration is too low?

A

glucagon

61
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

converts glycogen back to glucose and releases it into blood

62
Q

Where does water go if blood gets too dilated?

A

from blood into cells

63
Q

Where does water go if blood gets too concentrated?

A

from cells to blood

64
Q

Ways body loose water? x3

A

-exhalation
-sweat
-urine in kidneys

65
Q

What happens if cells gain or loose too much water by osmosis?

A

doesn’t function efficiiently

66
Q

Does the body have control over water, ion or urea loss by the lungs or skin?

A

no

67
Q

In which ways is ions and urea also removed with water? x2

A

-sweat
-urine

68
Q

process of kidneys? x4

A

-artery bring blood to kidney
-kidney removes urea water, ions and glucose
-all glucose and some of water and ions is reabsorbed back into blood
-urea, excess water and ions are released as urine

69
Q

What happens to excess amino acids in the liver?

A

amino acids are deaminated to form ammonia

70
Q

What is deamination?

A

when amino acids are broken dwn to form ammonia

71
Q

Why must ammonia by immediately converted to urea?

A

ammonia is toxic and needs to be excretes safely

72
Q

Where is ADH releases fom?

A

pituitary gland

73
Q

WHat does ADH do in kidneys?

A

allows more water to be reabsorbed into blood from tubules

74
Q

Treatment for kidney failure?

A

-kidney transplant
-kidney dialysis

75
Q

What happens when someone has kidney failure?

A

they have higher concentration of water, ions and urea then they should

76
Q

How does kidney dialysis work? x4

A

-blood passes over a semi permeable membrane
-this allows urea, ions and water through but not larger molecules
-dialysis fluid has a low concentration of urea so urea diffuses through
-dialysis fluid is constantly refeshed

77
Q

Why is dialysis fluid constantly refreshed?

A

for large concentration gradient for urea

78
Q

How is kidney dialysis inconvenient? x2

A

-visit hospital several times a week
-controlled diet

79
Q

advantage of kidney transplant? x2

A

-allows patient to live normal life
-only expensive initially

80
Q

disadvantage of kidney transplant? x2

A

-shortage of kidney donors
-need to take anti-rejection drugs for rest of life

81
Q

advantage of kidney dialysis? x1

A
82
Q

disadvantage of kidney dialysis? x2

A

-requires frequent hospital visits and controlled diet
-expensive long term

83
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

stimulate sperm production

84
Q

Where is testosterone found?

A

testes

85
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When an egg mature and releases every 28 days

86
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries

87
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

causes egg to mature in ovary

88
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

causes egg to be released

89
Q

Function of Oestrogen and progesterone?

A

to maintain uterus lining

90
Q

process of menstrual cycle? x7

A

-FSH releases by pituitary gland and causes egg to mature
-FSH makes ovaries produced oestrogen
-Oestrogen makes lining of uterus thick
-Oestrogen stops production of FSH
-LH releases the egg
-Progesterone is released and stops production of FSH and LH
-Proesterone keeps lning of uterus thick

91
Q

What do oral contraceptives do?

A

stop production of FSH

92
Q

Advantage of oral contraception? x1

A

-effective

93
Q

disadvantage of oral contraception? x3

A

-must be take everyday
-increase risk of breast cancer or blood clots
-doesnt protect against STI

94
Q

Advantage of injection, implant or skin patch?

A

-convenient (lasts longer)

94
Q

What does an injection, implant or skin patch of progesterone do?

A

stops eggs maturing or being released

95
Q

disadvantage of injection, implant or skin patch? x2

A

-can have side effects
-doesnt protect against STIs

96
Q

What does barrier method do?

A

stops sperm reaching egg

97
Q

Advantage of barrier method? x2

A

-dont have side effects
-reduce risk of STIs

98
Q

disadvantage of barrier method? x1

A

can break or slip off

99
Q

What do spermicides do?

A

kill or disable sperm

100
Q

What does an intrauterine devices do?

A

prevent embryo from implanting

101
Q

Advantages of intrauterine devices? x2

A

-effective
-few side effects

102
Q

disadvantage of intrauterine devices? x

A

-Doesnt protect against STIs

103
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

surgical method of contraception

104
Q

WHat does sterilisation do in women?

A

prevents egg from reaching uterus

105
Q

What does sterilisation do in men?

A

prevents sperm from leaving penis

106
Q

advantage of sterilisation? x1

A

-effective

107
Q

disadvantage of sterilisation? x2

A

-hard to reverse
-doesnt protect againnst STIs

108
Q

Disadvantage of abstaining from intercourse during time after ovulation? x

A

-hard to tell when a women ovulated
-doesnt protect against STIs

109
Q

What is a fertility drug?

A

LH and FSH given to women

110
Q

process of IN Vitro Fertilisation(IVF)? x5

A

-LH and FSH given to mother
-eggs collected from mother
-sperm collected from father
-sperm fertilised with eggs in laboratry
-embryo inserted into mothers uterus

111
Q

Advanatage of IVF? x1

A

gives women chance to have a baby

112
Q

disadvanatage of IVF? x4

A

-low success rate
-can lead to multiple births
-stressful for parents
-expensive

113
Q

When is adrenaline produced?

A

times of fear or stress

114
Q

Effects of adrenaline? x2

A

-increases heart rate
-boots delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles

115
Q

Effects of thyroxine? x2

A

-stimulates the basal metabolic rate
-needed for growth and development.

116
Q

What is phototropism?

A

when plant shoot grow towards light

117
Q

How dos auxin work in phototropism? x4

A

-auxin produced at tip of shoot
-light causes auxin to concentrate on darker side
-auxin spread down the shoot so cells on darker cells grow faster
-shoot grows towards light

118
Q

What do auxins do?

A

trigger cell growth

119
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

when plant roots grow towards force of gravity

120
Q

How do auxins work in gravitropism?

A

-gravity causes auxin to go down
-lower side grows slower
-roots grow towards gravity
-

121
Q

Function of Gibberellins?

A

start seed germination.

122
Q

Function of Ethene?

A

controls cell division and ripening of fruits.

123
Q

Uses of auxin? x3

A

-weedkillers
-rooting powders
-promoting growth in plotting culture

124
Q

Uses of gibberelins? x3

A

-end seed dormancy (force seed to germinate earlier than normal)
-encourage plants to flower
-increases fruit size

125
Q

Uses of ethene? x1

A

control ripening of fruit

126
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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