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Biology > T-2 Organisation > Flashcards

T-2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function.

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

basic building blocks of all living organisms.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

Group of tissues working together for specific function

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3
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

convert food into small molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream.

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4
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up reactions

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5
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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6
Q

Where is amylase made? x3

A

Salivary gland, pancreas, small intestine

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7
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein?

A

Protease

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8
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

A

Simple sugars

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9
Q

What is protein broken down into?

A

amino acids

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10
Q

Where is protease made? x3

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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11
Q

What is lipids broken down into? x2

A

glycerol and fatty acids.

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12
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids?

A

lipase

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13
Q

Where is lipase made? x2

A

Pancreas, small intestine

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14
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Liver

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15
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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16
Q

What does bile do?

A

Helps speed up digestion of lipids

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17
Q

How does bile speed up digestion of lipids?

A

Makes lipids into smaller droplets and increases surface area and increases rate of lipid breakdown

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18
Q

How does bile do to the stomach acid?

A

Neutralizes it as it is alkaline and helps rate of lipid breakdown

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19
Q

What happens to the enzyme when the temperature increases?

A

Enzyme activity increases

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20
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?

A

37 degrees c

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21
Q

What happens to the enzyme when temperature increase past optimum?

A

Enzyme activity decreases to zero

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22
Q

Why does enzyme activity increase when temperature increases?

A

Enzyme and substrate move faster so more frequent collisions

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23
Q

Why does enzyme activity go to zero after optimum temperature?

A

enzyme molecules vibrate and active site denatures

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24
Q

What happens to enzyme activity if you make the ph more acidic or alkaline?

A

enzyme activity drops to zero

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25
Q

Why does the enzyme activity go to zero if ph is more acidic or alkali?

A

The active site denatures

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26
Q

What is the optimum ph for an enzyme?

A

Each enzyme has a different optimum ph

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27
Q

What does villi in the small intestine do?

A

Increases surface area for absorption of molecules

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28
Q

What circulatory system does the heart pump blood?

A

Double circulatory system

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29
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

To provide oxygen to muscle cells of the heart

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30
Q

What controls the resting heart rate?

A

Pacemaker

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31
Q

Where is the pacemaker?

A

Right atrium

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32
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

Electrical devices that correct irregularities in the heart rate.

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33
Q

Function of artery?

A

carry blood away from heart

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34
Q

Function of vein?

A

Carry blood to heart

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35
Q

Function of capillaries?

A

Exchange substances with tissues

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36
Q

Features of arteries? x2

A

-thick muscular walls
-elastic tissue

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37
Q

Features of veins? x2

A

-thin wall
-Valves

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38
Q

Feature of capillaries? x1

A

-Thin walls

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39
Q

Parts of blood? x4

A

-Plasma
-Red blood cell
-White blood cell
-Platelets

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40
Q

Function of red blood cell?

A

To carry oxygen from lungs to cells

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41
Q

Function of white blood cells?

A

Defends the body from infections

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42
Q

Function of platelets?

A

Clotting wounds

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43
Q

Function of plasma?

A

Transport substances around the body

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44
Q

Features of red blood cells? X2

A

-No nucleus
-High surface area

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45
Q

Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?

A

More space for oxygen

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46
Q

Why do red blood cells have a high surface area?

A

To absorb more oxygen

47
Q

How do white blood cells defend the body from infections? x3

A
  • Phagocytosis
    -Producing antibodies
    -Producing antitoxins
48
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

White blood cell engulfs pathogen

49
Q

Why do white blood cells produce antibodies?

A

Antibodies bind to pathogens and destroy them

50
Q

Why do white blood cells produce antitoxins?

A

To neutralise toxins

51
Q

Feature of white blood cells? x1

A

Contains nucleus

52
Q

Problems in donated blood? x2

A

-Blood type has to be the same
-diseases transmitted

53
Q

What is CHD?

A

When fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries which narrow them

54
Q

What does CHD cause?

A

A reduction of blood flow and less oxygen for heart muscles

55
Q

Function of stents?

A

Keep the coronary arteries open.

56
Q

Treatments for CHD?

A

Stents and statins

57
Q

Function of statins?

A

reduce cholesterol levels in blood

58
Q

What happens when statins reduce cholesterol levels?

A

Slows down fatty material build up

59
Q

Advantages to statins? x1

A

-proven to reduce risk of CHD

60
Q

Disadvantages to statins? x1

A

-Have side effects like liver problems

61
Q

Advantage of stents? x1

A

-Allows blood to flow normally

62
Q

Disadvantage of stents? x2

A

-Doesn’t treat causes of CHD
-Requires surgery

63
Q

Consequences of faulty valve? x2

A

-prevents blood from flowing
-blood leaking

64
Q

Solutions for faulty valve? x2

A

biological or mechanical valves.

65
Q

Advantages of mechanical valve? x1

A

-Last a lifetime

66
Q

Disadvantages of mechanical valve? x1

A

-Increases risk of blood clots so anti clotting drugs taken

67
Q

Advantages of biological valve?

A

-No drugs needed

68
Q

Disadvantages of biological valve?

A

-May need to be replaced

69
Q

What is heart failure?

A

When the heart cant pump enough blood around body

70
Q

Treatment for heart failure? x2

A

-Donated heart
-Artificial heart

71
Q

Disadvantage of donated heart? x2

A

-Not enough donated hearts
-Drugs need to be taken to stop rejection

72
Q

Disadvantage of artificial heart? x2

A

-Increase risk of blood clotting
-Temporary solution

73
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be spread from person to person

74
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

a diseases that cannot be passed from person to person

75
Q

How are communicable diseases spread?

A

Through pathogens

76
Q

What is health?

A

The state of physical and mental well-being.

77
Q

What causes ill health? x4

A

-Communicable and non- communicable diseases
-Poor diet
-Stress
- life situations

78
Q

Which people are likely to from infectious diseases?

A

People with a defective immune system

79
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Studying patterns of disease to determine risk factors

80
Q

Does a correlation prove a cause or a link?

A

A link

81
Q

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?x2

A

-Diet
-Smoking

82
Q

Risk factors that affect an unborn baby? x2

A

-Smoking
-Alcohol

83
Q

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

A

-Obesity

84
Q

Types of tumor? x2

A

-Benign
-Malignant

85
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are found in one area

86
Q

Where are benign tumours found?

A

Membrane

87
Q

Feature of benign tumours?

A

do not invade other parts of the body.

88
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A cancer

89
Q

Feature of malignant tumour?

A

They invade neighbouring tissues and move into bloodstream

90
Q

What do malignant tumours do when in bloodsteam?

A

spread to different parts of the body and form secondary tumours.

91
Q

Which cancers are linked to genetics? x3

A

-Breast
-prostate
-large intestine

92
Q

Which cancers are linked to lifestyle? x3

A

-Lung cancer
-skin cancer
-mouth and throat cancer

93
Q

What substance in the environment causes cancer?

A

Radon (radioactive gas)

94
Q

Structure of leaf from top to bottom? x4

A

upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis

95
Q

Function of epidermal cells?

A

Protect surface of leaf

96
Q

Feature of upper epidermis? x2

A

-Transparent
-waxy cuticle

97
Q

Why is the upper epidermis transparent?

A

To allow light through

98
Q

Why does the upper epidermis have a waxy cuticle?

A

Reduce evaporation of water

99
Q

Feature of lower epidermis? x2

A

-Stomata
-Guard cells

100
Q

Function of stomata? x2

A

-allow oxygen to leave and carbon dioxide to enter leaf
-controls the water vapour that leaves

101
Q

What are palisade cells filled with?

A

Chloroplast

102
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll filled with?

A

Air spaces

103
Q

What do air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow? x2

A

-CO2 to diffuse from stomata to palisade cells
-O2 to diffuse from palisade cell to stomata

104
Q

Function of xylem cell?

A

Transport water and mineral irons from roots to stem and leaves

105
Q

Function of phloem?

A

Transport dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant

106
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of sugar and molecules through phloem

107
Q

Where are meristem tissues found?

A

Growing tips

108
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from surface of leaves

109
Q

What is the process of transpiration stream? x4

A
  1. Water evaporates from cells in leaf
  2. Water vapour diffuses out through stomata
  3. Water from xylem replaces water in leaf
  4. water is drawn up from root hair cells up to leaf
110
Q

Factors that affect rate of transpiration? x4

A

-Temperature
-Light intensity
-Air flow
-Humidity

111
Q

How does temperature, air flow and humidity increase rate of transpiration?

A

Allows faster evaporation

112
Q

How does light intensity allow faster evaporation?

A

increases photosynthesis

113
Q

What is the stomata surrounded by?

A

Guard cells

114
Q

What happens to the stomata and guard cells when light intensity is high?

A

Guard cells change shape and open stomata

115
Q

What happens to the stomata and when it is hot?

A

it closes

116
Q

Why does the stomata close when it is hot?

A

to reduce water loss

Biology (5 decks)

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