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Biology > T1-Cell Biology > Flashcards

T1-Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex cell with a nucleus

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1
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

A

A simple cell without nucleus

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2
Q

How is the genetic material stores in a prokaryotic cell?

A

AS loops of DNA and plasmids

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3
Q

What parts do plant cells have that animal cells don’t? x3

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
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4
Q

Nucleus function?

A

To hold genetic material

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5
Q

Cytoplasm function?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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6
Q

Cell membrane function?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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7
Q

Mitochondria function?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

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8
Q

Ribosomes function?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Function of chloroplasts ?

A

Contain chlorophyll and is where photosynthesis takes place

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10
Q

Cell wall function?

A

To protect the cell

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11
Q

Function of vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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12
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Process in which cells become specialised

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13
Q

Function of a sperm cell?

A

To join and transfer DNA to an egg cell

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14
Q

Features of sperm cells? x3

A

-Long tail - allows them to swim
-Lots of mitochondria - provide energy
- contain enzymes - To digest through outer layer of ovum

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15
Q

Function of Nerve cell?

A

To send electrical impulses around the body

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16
Q

Features of a nerve cell? x4

A

-Long axon - carries electrical impulses
-Myelin - speed up nerve impulse
-Synapses - Junctions that pass impulses between nerves
- Dendrites - increase surface area

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17
Q

Function of muscle cells?

A

To contract

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18
Q

Features of muscle cells? x2

A

-Lots of mitochondria - provide energy
-Protein fibres - change length of muscles cells

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19
Q

Types of microscopes? x2

A

Light and electron

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20
Q

Electron microscopes have greater…? x2

A

magnification and resolution

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21
Q

magnification equation?

A

Magnification= Image/object

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22
Q

What do microscopes do?

A

Allow us to magnify

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23
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When one bacterial cell splits into two

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24
Q

How often does binary fission occur?

A

It can occur very 20 mins with enough nutrients and suitable temperature

25
Q

Number of bacteria equation

A

number of bacteria= 2^n
N is rounds of division

26
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA

27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in human body cell?

A

23

28
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

A large number of genes

29
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus

30
Q

In body cells, how are chromosomes found?

A

In pairs

31
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

When cells divide in a series of stages

32
Q

Stages of cell cycle? x3

A
  1. DNA replicates to form two copies of chromosomes and copies internal structures
    2.mitosis-1 set of chromosomes is pulled to each end and nucleus divides
  2. Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.
33
Q

Function of mitosis?

A

For growth and development of multicellular organisms.

34
Q

What is a stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type

35
Q

Function of embryonic stem cells?

A

To be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

36
Q

Function of stem cells from adult bone marrow?

A

To form cells found in blood

37
Q

Function of meristem tissue?

A

Can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant

38
Q

What happens in therapeutic cloning?

A

An embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

39
Q

Why are stem cells from embryo good for medical treatment?

A

Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body

40
Q

What conditions can stem cells treat? x2

A

Diabetes and paralysis.

41
Q

Risks and problems of using stem cells? x2

A

Transfer of viral infection and ethical or religious objections.

42
Q

What can stem cells in meristems be used for?

A

To produce clones of plants quickly and cheaply

43
Q

Diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low

44
Q

Substances that use diffusion are? x3

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen and urea

45
Q

Where is diffusion used with urea?

A

Urea from cells is diffused out of the blood plasma and excreted by kidneys

46
Q

Factors that affect rate of diffusion? x3

A
  • the difference in concentrations
  • the temperature
  • the surface area of the membrane.
47
Q

What happens to diffusion when the concentration gradient is greater?

A

Diffusion gets faster

48
Q

What happens to diffusion when temperature increases?

A

Diffusion gets faster

49
Q

Why does diffusion get faster when the temperature increases?

A

Particles move faster and have more kinetic energy

50
Q

What happens to diffusion with a large surface area?

A

Diffusion gets faster

51
Q

Do single celled organisms have a high or lower surface area to volume ratio?

A

high surface area to volume ratio

52
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio of a larger organism?

A

Surface area to volume ratio gets smaller

53
Q

The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by? x3

A
  • having a large surface area
  • a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path
  • having an efficient blood supply
54
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of particles from high water concentration to low through a partially permeable membrane

55
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high

56
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Active transport requires energy from respiration

57
Q

2 examples of active transport

A

-Sugar in the small intestine
-mineral ions in plant root hairs

58
Q

What does myelin in nerve cell do?

A

speeds up nerve impulses

59
Q

What do dendrites in nerve cell do?

A

Increase surface area

60
Q

What are synapses in nerve cell?

A

Junctions that pass impulses between nerves

61
Q

What does an axon do in a nerve cell?

A

carries electrical impulses

Biology (5 decks)

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