T1-Cell Biology

Question 1

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

A complex cell with a nucleus

Question 1

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

A simple cell without nucleus

Question 2

How is the genetic material stores in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

AS loops of DNA and plasmids

Question 3

What parts do plant cells have that animal cells don’t? x3

Answer 3

• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Cell wall

Question 4

Nucleus function?

Answer 4

To hold genetic material

Question 5

Cytoplasm function?

Answer 5

Where chemical reactions take place

Question 6

Cell membrane function?

Answer 6

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 7

Mitochondria function?

Answer 7

Where aerobic respiration takes place

Question 8

Ribosomes function?

Answer 8

Site of protein synthesis

Question 9

Function of chloroplasts ?

Answer 9

Contain chlorophyll and is where photosynthesis takes place

Question 10

Cell wall function?

Answer 10

To protect the cell

Question 11

Function of vacuole?

Answer 11

Contains cell sap

Question 12

What is differentiation?

Answer 12

Process in which cells become specialised

Question 13

Function of a sperm cell?

Answer 13

To join and transfer DNA to an egg cell

Question 14

Features of sperm cells? x3

Answer 14

-Long tail - allows them to swim
-Lots of mitochondria - provide energy
- contain enzymes - To digest through outer layer of ovum

Question 15

Function of Nerve cell?

Answer 15

To send electrical impulses around the body

Question 16

Features of a nerve cell? x4

Answer 16

-Long axon - carries electrical impulses
-Myelin - speed up nerve impulse
-Synapses - Junctions that pass impulses between nerves
- Dendrites - increase surface area

Question 17

Function of muscle cells?

Answer 17

To contract

Question 18

Features of muscle cells? x2

Answer 18

-Lots of mitochondria - provide energy
-Protein fibres - change length of muscles cells

Question 19

Types of microscopes? x2

Answer 19

Light and electron

Question 20

Electron microscopes have greater…? x2

Answer 20

magnification and resolution

Question 21

magnification equation?

Answer 21

Magnification= Image/object

Question 22

What do microscopes do?

Answer 22

Allow us to magnify

Question 23

What is binary fission?

Answer 23

When one bacterial cell splits into two

Question 24

How often does binary fission occur?

Answer 24

It can occur very 20 mins with enough nutrients and suitable temperature

Question 25

Number of bacteria equation

Answer 25

number of bacteria= 2^n N is rounds of division

Question 26

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 26

DNA

Question 27

How many pairs of chromosomes in human body cell?

Answer 27

23

Question 28

What do chromosomes carry?

Answer 28

A large number of genes

Question 29

Where are chromosomes found?

Answer 29

In the nucleus

Question 30

In body cells, how are chromosomes found?

Answer 30

In pairs

Question 31

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 31

When cells divide in a series of stages

Question 32

Stages of cell cycle? x3

Answer 32

1. DNA replicates to form two copies of chromosomes and copies internal structures 2.mitosis-1 set of chromosomes is pulled to each end and nucleus divides 3. Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.

Question 33

Function of mitosis?

Answer 33

For growth and development of multicellular organisms.

Question 34

What is a stem cell

Answer 34

An undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type

Question 35

Function of embryonic stem cells?

Answer 35

To be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

Question 36

Function of stem cells from adult bone marrow?

Answer 36

To form cells found in blood

Question 37

Function of meristem tissue?

Answer 37

Can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant

Question 38

What happens in therapeutic cloning?

Answer 38

An embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

Question 39

Why are stem cells from embryo good for medical treatment?

Answer 39

Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body

Question 40

What conditions can stem cells treat? x2

Answer 40

Diabetes and paralysis.

Question 41

Risks and problems of using stem cells? x2

Answer 41

Transfer of viral infection and ethical or religious objections.

Question 42

What can stem cells in meristems be used for?

Answer 42

To produce clones of plants quickly and cheaply

Question 43

Diffusion?

Answer 43

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low

Question 44

Substances that use diffusion are? x3

Answer 44

Carbon dioxide, oxygen and urea

Question 45

Where is diffusion used with urea?

Answer 45

Urea from cells is diffused out of the blood plasma and excreted by kidneys

Question 46

Factors that affect rate of diffusion? x3

Answer 46

* the difference in concentrations * the temperature * the surface area of the membrane.

Question 47

What happens to diffusion when the concentration gradient is greater?

Answer 47

Diffusion gets faster

Question 48

What happens to diffusion when temperature increases?

Answer 48

Diffusion gets faster

Question 49

Why does diffusion get faster when the temperature increases?

Answer 49

Particles move faster and have more kinetic energy

Question 50

What happens to diffusion with a large surface area?

Answer 50

Diffusion gets faster

Question 51

Do single celled organisms have a high or lower surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 51

high surface area to volume ratio

Question 52

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio of a larger organism?

Answer 52

Surface area to volume ratio gets smaller

Question 53

The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by? x3

Answer 53

* having a large surface area * a membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path * having an efficient blood supply

Question 54

What is osmosis?

Answer 54

Diffusion of particles from high water concentration to low through a partially permeable membrane

Question 55

What is active transport?

Answer 55

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high

Question 56

What does active transport require?

Answer 56

Active transport requires energy from respiration

Question 57

2 examples of active transport

Answer 57

-Sugar in the small intestine -mineral ions in plant root hairs

Question 58

What does myelin in nerve cell do?

Answer 58

speeds up nerve impulses

Question 59

What do dendrites in nerve cell do?

Answer 59

Increase surface area

Question 60

What are synapses in nerve cell?

Answer 60

Junctions that pass impulses between nerves

Question 61

What does an axon do in a nerve cell?

Answer 61

carries electrical impulses