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Biology > T3 - Infection and response > Flashcards

T3 - Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Can be spread person to person

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2
Q

What spreads communicable diseases?

A

Pathogens

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3
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

Cannot be passed on from person to person

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4
Q

What is health?

A

State of physical and mental well being

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5
Q

What causes ill health? x4

A

-both diseases
-poor diet
-high stress
-life situations

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6
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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7
Q

What are the types of pathogens? x4

A

-bacteria
-virus
-protist
-fungi

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8
Q

How are pathogens spread? x3

A

-direct contact
-water
-air.

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9
Q

methods to reduce spread of pathogens? x5

A

-wash hands
- provide clean drinking water
-use a condom
-Isolate patients
-vaccination

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10
Q

How fast do bacteria and viruses reproduce?

A

reproduce rapidly

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11
Q

What does bacteria produce?

A

Toxins

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12
Q

What do toxins produced by bacteria do?

A

damage tissues and make us feel ill

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13
Q

Where do viruses reproduce?

A

In a cell

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14
Q

Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?

A

No

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15
Q

Symptoms of mealses? x2

A

-fever
-red skin rash

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16
Q

How are measles spread?

A

inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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17
Q

What is the solution for measles being fatal?

A

most young children are vaccinated against measles

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18
Q

Symptoms of HIV? x1

A

Flu-like illness

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19
Q

What happens over time to the immune system when you have HIV?

A

Becomes severely damaged

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20
Q

What happens when the immune system gets severely damaged from HIV?

A

it can no longer fight off other infections or cancers

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21
Q

Solution for HIV? x1

A

Antiretrovial drugs

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22
Q

Cons of taking antiretroviral drugs for HIV?

A

Needs to be taken for rest of their life

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23
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

exchange of fluids (sex, needles)

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24
Q

Can bacteria be killed by using antibiotics?

A

Yes

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25
Q

How is salmonella spread? x2

A

-Bacteria ingested in food
-food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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26
Q

Symptoms of salmonella? x4

A

-Fever
-abdominal cramps
-vomiting
-diarrhoea

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27
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella caused by?

A

toxins created by bacteria

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28
Q

What is vaccinated against salmonella in the uk to control spread of disease?

A

poultry

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29
Q

What is gonorrhea?

A

STD

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30
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhea? x2

A

-a thick yellow or green discharge
-pain on urinating

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31
Q

What was gonorrhea treated by before resistant strains?

A

antibiotic penicillin

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32
Q

Solution for gonorrhea? x2

A

-Condom
-test and treat people with gonorrhea

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33
Q

How is gonorrhea spread?

A

sexual contact

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34
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

A

Protist

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35
Q

Life cycle of malaria? x2

A
  1. infected person bitten by mosquito
  2. mosquito bites another person and malaria is spread
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36
Q

How to stop spread of malaria? x2

A

-Stop mosquito from breeding with insecticides
-prevent mosquitoes from biting humans with mosquito nets

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37
Q

What is the job of non specific defence system?

A

Prevent pathogens from entering human body

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38
Q

Parts of non specific defence system? x4

A

-skin
-nose
-trachea and bronchi
-stomach

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39
Q

What does the skin do?

A

forms a protective layer around body

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40
Q

Feature of skin? x2

A

-outer layer made of dead cells
-Produces sebum

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41
Q

Why does the skin have an outer layer of hard skin?

A

Hard to penetrate

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42
Q

Why does the skin produce sebum?

A

Kills bacteria

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43
Q

feature of nose? x1

A

Contains hair and mucus

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44
Q

Why does the nose contain hair and mucus?

A

Traps pathogens

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45
Q

Features of bronchi and trachea? x2

A

-covered in tiny hairs called cilia
-Cilia covered in mucus

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46
Q

why is the cilia covered in mucus?

A

trap pathogens

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47
Q

What does cilia do when mucus traps pathogen?

A

wafts mucus up towards throat and swallowed into stomach

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48
Q

Feature of stomach? x1

A

contain hydrochloric acid

49
Q

What does hydrochloric acid in stomach do?

A

kill pathogens

50
Q

Functions of immune system? x2

A

-Destroy pathogens and toxins
-protects if same pathogen invades again

51
Q

Functions of white blood cells? x3

A

-Phagocytosis
-making antibodies
-antitoxin production

52
Q

Process of phagocytosis? x3

A

1.white blood cell detects chemicals released by pathogen and goes towards it
2. white blood cell engulfs pathogen
3.white blood cell uses enzymes to destroy pathogen

53
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules produced by white blood cells

54
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

stick to pathogen and trigger them to be destroyed

55
Q

Features of antibodies? X2

A

-specific to certain pathogens
-can remain in blood for a long time

56
Q

Why do antibodies remain in the blood for a long time?

A

To protect if pathogen comes again

57
Q

What are anti-toxins?

A

chemicals produced by white blood cell

58
Q

What do anti-toxins do?

A

stick to toxins and prevent damage against cells

59
Q

What does TMV do?

A

Causes leaves to discolour in a mosaic pattern

60
Q

How does discolouration from TMV affect plants?

A

Rate of photosynthesis is reduced so growth of plant is reduced

61
Q

What does rose black spot do?

A

causes leaves to develop purple or black spots which turn yellow and fall off

62
Q

How does purple and black spots from Rose black spots affect plants?

A

Rate of photosynthesis is reduced so growth of plant is reduced

63
Q

How is rose black spot spread? x2

A

-water
-wind

64
Q

How to stop spread of rose black spots? x2

A

-spray plants with fungicides
-remove and destroy infected plants

65
Q

What is vaccination?

A

introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body

66
Q

why cant a vaccination lead to the disease?

A

the pathogen is dead or inactive

67
Q

what happens when vaccination is given to patient? x2

A

-white blood cell produces antibodies against pathogen
-at same time white blood cell divides by mitosis

68
Q

What happens if the same pathogen returns after vaccination given?

A

white blood cell produce correct antibodies

69
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

when an unvaccinated person cannot catch a disease as everyone around them is vaccinated

70
Q

What pathogen does antibiotics kill?

A

bacteria

71
Q

what do antibiotics do?

A

kill infective bacteria inside the body.

72
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

treat symptoms of disease

73
Q

What are specific bacteria treated with?

A

specific antibodies

74
Q

Where does the heart digitalis originate from?

A

foxgloves

75
Q

where does aspirin originate from?

A

willow trees

76
Q

where was penicillin discovered from?

A

penicilliun mould

77
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander fleming

77
Q

What are new drugs tested for? x3

A

-toxicity
-efficacy
-dose

78
Q

what is preclinacal testing carried out on? x3

A

-cell
-tissues
-live animals

79
Q

What is clinical testing carried out on? x1

A

Humans

80
Q

What happens in clinical testing? x2

A

-low dosage of drug given to healthy volunteers
-if safe, drug given increased to find optimum dose

81
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Tablet or injection with no active drug in it

82
Q

What happens in a double blind trial?

A

-test group given drug
-control group given placebo

83
Q

How does a double blind trial stop bias?

A

neither patient nor doctor know who recieved drug or placebo

84
Q

antibodies are produced by what type of white blood cell?

A

lymphocytes

85
Q

what is an antigen?

A

foreign objects

86
Q

Proccess of producing monoclonal antibodies? x4

A

-mouse injected with antigen to collect lymphocytes
-combine lymphocyte with tumour cell
- select a single hybridoma cells and let it divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical cells
-monoclonal antibody collected then purified

87
Q

Why are lymphocytes combined with tumours cell?

A

to be able to divide by mitosis

88
Q

What is a hybridoma cell?

A

lymphocyte and tumour cells combined

89
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

from a single clone of hybridoma cells.

90
Q

Feature of monoclonal antibodies? x1

A

specific to one binding site on one protein antigen

91
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies? x4

A

-diagnosis (pregnancy test)
-lab testing
-location
-treating diseases

92
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in lab testing? x2

A

-measure hormone level in blood
-detect pathogen in blood

93
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies for in diagnosis?

A

pregnancy testing

94
Q

why are monoclonal antibodies used in location?

A

To find specif molecule in cell or tissue

95
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for finding location of specific molecules in cells and tissue?

A

attached to fluorescent dye

96
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used for treating diseases? x2

A

-toxic drug attached to antibody
-antibody attaches to cancer cell and stops it dividing
-

97
Q

Advantage of using monoclonal antibodies?

A

extremely specific

98
Q

Advantage of pregnancy test based on monoclonal antibodies? x2

A

-cheap
-easy to us

99
Q

disadvantage of using monoclonal antibodies in treating diseases?

A

can produce harmful side effects

100
Q

Symptoms of plant disease? x7

A
  • stunted growth
  • spots on leaves
  • areas of decay
  • growths
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
  • presence of pests.
101
Q

Ways to identify plant disease? x3

A

-garden manual or wbsite
-take infected plant to lab to identify the pathogen
-uses testing kits with monoclonal antibodies

102
Q

What does lack of nitrate ion in plants cause?

A

stunted growth

103
Q

Why does a lack of nitrate ion in plants cause stunted growth?

A

nitrate needed for protein synthesis

104
Q

What does a lack of magnesium ion cause?

A

Chlorosis

105
Q

Why does a lack of magnesium ion in plants cause chlorosis?

A

Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll

106
Q

Types of plant defence responses? x3

A

-physical
-chemical
-mechanical

107
Q

Plant physical defences? x3

A

-cell wall
-waxy cuticle
-layers of dead cells around stems

108
Q

Plant chemical defences? x2

A

-release antibacterial chemicals
-release poison

109
Q

Plant mechanical defences? X3

A

-thorns or hairs
-leaves curl
-mimicry

110
Q

Why do plants have a cell wall to protect it?

A

hard to penetrate

111
Q

Why do plants have a waxy cuticle to protect it?

A

hard to penetrate

112
Q

Why do plants have a layer of dead cells to protect it?

A

barrier to microorganisms

113
Q

Why do plants release antibacterial chemicals to protect it?

A

kill bacteria

114
Q

Why do plants release poison chemicals to protect it?

A

stop herbivores eating plant

115
Q

Why do plants have a thorns and hairs to protect it?

A

stop herbivores eating plant

116
Q

Why do plants have curl to protect it?

A

To scary herbivores

117
Q

Why do plants use mimicry to protect it?

A

to trick animals to not be eaten

Biology (5 decks)

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