Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Theme 3: Excretory system and renal function > T3 L11: Lower urinary tract > Flashcards

T3 L11: Lower urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where does tubular fluid exit the collecting ducts?

A

At the tip of the renal pyramid (the renal papilla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the site of drug-induced nephrotoxicity?

A

The renal papilla (renal papillary necrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which structures fuse to form the renal pelvis?

A

Major calices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What triggers peristaltic contraction in the kidneys?

A

The fluid moving into the renal pelvis and causing distention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle that make up the ereters?

A

Inner muscle is longitudinal and outer muscle is circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many peristaltic waves are generated per minute in the ureters?

A

1-6 per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosal layer of ureters?

A

Transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic NS on the number of peristaltic contraction in ureters?

A

Enhance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic NS on the number of peristaltic contraction in ureters?

A

inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the process of peristalsis in ureters

A
  1. longitudinal muscle contracts and circular muscles relaxes
  2. Longitudinal muscle relaxes so a bolus forms and then circular muscle contracts to push the bolus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which structures prevent backflow of urine in the bladder?

A

The ureteral openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the detrusor muscle layer in the bladder?

A

The outer muscle layer consisting of longitudinal muscle and circular muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the trigone and what is its function?

A

A triangular area bound by openings of the ureters and entrance to the urethra. It acts as a funnel to channel urine towards the neck of the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which NS stimulates the bladder to contract?

A

The parasympathetic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 urethral sphincters?

A

Internal and external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which urethral sphincter is under involuntary control?

A

The internal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does incontinence after childbirth occur in women?

A

Because the female external sphincter is not as well developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mucturation?

A

Urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What impact do higher centres have on micturation?

A

They keep the micturition reflex under inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What impact do cortical centres have on micturition?

A

They facilitate micturition by initiating the micturating reflex and relaxing the external sphincter. The internal sphincter relaxes at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to contractions when the bladder becomes increasingly full?

A

Contractions become more frequent, intense, and last longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which nerve carries sympathetic involuntary control to the bladder and sphincters and from which vertebral level?

A

The hypogastric from L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which nerve carries parasympathetic involuntary control to the bladder and sphincters and from which vertebral level?

A

The pelvic nerve from S2 and S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which nerve carries somatic voluntary control to the bladder and sphincters and from which vertebral level?

A

The pudendal nerve from S2 and S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which nerves inhibit micturation?

A

The hypogastric and pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which nerve facilitates micturation?

A

The pelvic nerve

27
Q

What stimulates the pelvic nerve?

A

Activation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall and internal sphincter

28
Q

Describe the guarding reflex

A

Bladder distention stimulates the pelvic nerve which stimulates the hypogastric nerve. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerve causes relaxation and reduced excitability of the detrusor muscle and constriction of the internal sphincter. The external sphincter is held closed by the pudendal nerve

29
Q

After how many mL are micturition contractions stimulated?

A

200 mL

30
Q

Which muscles are involved in micturition?

A

Lowering of the diaphragm, contraction of abdominal muscles, and opening of the internal sphincter

31
Q

What is Paraplegia?

A

The complete severing of nerve input from the cerebral cortex. It means there is no cortical control

32
Q

What causes an automatic bladder?

A

Paraplegia

33
Q

What is meant by an automatic bladder?

A

The involuntary emptying of the bladder

34
Q

What causes an unintended bladder?

A

Partial spinal cord damage with loss of inhibitory descending signals

35
Q

What is an unintended bladder?

A

Frequent urination as excitatory impulses from cerebral cortex remain unopposed

36
Q

What causes an atonic bladder?

A

Crush injury of the dorsal root causing afferent nerve destruction so micturition reflexes are lost

37
Q

What is an atonic bladder?

A

When the bladder fills till it overflows

38
Q

Why do infants lack the voluntary mechanism to control urination?

A

Their corticospinal connections are not established

39
Q

Which diseases can cause loss of micturition control?

A

Stroke, Alzheimer’s, problems affecting cerebral cortex

40
Q

What cause cause bladder sphincter muscles to lose tone?

A

Pregnancy

41
Q

What diseases can cause urinary retention?

A

Enlarged prostate gland because it compresses the urethra

42
Q

What foods can cause heightened urge incontenence?

A

Spicy food (capsaicin), caffeine/chocolate (xanthine’s), citrus food (citric acid), and carbonated beverages

43
Q

What does ACh released by the pelvic nerve cause?

A

Promotes micturition

44
Q

What di anticholinergic drugs do?

A

Inhibit bladder contractions and facilitate involuntary contractions of the internal sphincter

45
Q

Oxybutinin is a type of which drug?

A

An anticholinergic drug

46
Q

What are some unwanted effects of anticholinergic drugs?

A

Dry mouth, blurred vision, palpitations, drowsiness, facial flushing

47
Q

What is atropine?

A
  1. Increases the heart rate and improves the atrioventricular conduction by blocking the parasympathetic influences on the heart
  2. It dilates vessels
48
Q

What type of drug is Imipramine?

A

A tricyclic antidepressant

49
Q

When is Imipramine used?

A

Low doses are given to children who wet the bed. It can cause behavioural problems on withdrawal

50
Q

What type of drug is Desmopressin and what is it used for?

A

It’s and ADH analogue used for children who wet the bed

51
Q

What type of drug is Mirabegron and what is it used for?

A

A selective beta-2 agonist used for overactive bladder syndrome

52
Q

What is the treatment for acute urinary retention?

A

Catherisation or surgery

53
Q

What is the treatment for chronic urinary retention?

A

Pharmacological intervention or surgery

54
Q

What does noradrenaline released by the hypogastric nerve do?

A

Reduces micturition

55
Q

What type of receptors are found on the prostate and external sphincter?

A

Alpha-1 receptors

56
Q

What are alpha-1 receptors stimulated by?

A

noradrenaline

57
Q

What do stimulated alpha-1 receptors do to urinary flow?

A

Increase it

58
Q

Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Indoramin, Prazosin, Tamulosin, and Terazosin are types of which drug?

A

Alpha-1 agonists

59
Q

What do parasympathomimetics (choline esters) do?

A

They have agonist action at muscurinic ACh receptors that cause increased contractions of the detrusor muscle

60
Q

What are parasympathomimetics (choline esters) used for?

A

To treat urinary retention

61
Q

What type of drug is Bethanecol?

A

A parasympathomimetic (choline ester)

62
Q

What are the unwanted effects of parasympathomimetics (choline esters)?

A

Nausea, vomiting, intestinal colic, bradychardia, blurred vision, sweating

63
Q

What do Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine do?

A

They inhibit the breakdown of ACh and promote bladder emptying (Incontinence)

64
Q

What are Pinasteride and Dutasteride and what are they used for?

A

They’re inhibitors of androgen synthesis used to relieve urinary retention caused by prostate hyperplasia

1. Theme 3: Excretory system and renal function (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions