T3 L1: Retroperitoneal organs of the posterior abdominal wall Flashcards
What is the difference between the primary and secondary peritoneal structures?
Primary have always been there, secondary moved there during development
What is the mnemonic to remember the peritoneal structures and what does each letter stand for?
Pancreas Esophagus Aorta and IVC Rectum Duodenum Ureter Colon Kidneys Suprarenal glands
Which portions of the colon are retroperitoneal?
The ascending and descending colon
Which part of the colon is intraperitoneal?
The transverse colon
At what vertebral level are the kidneys found?
T12-L3
What % of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
20%
What is the renal sinus normally filled with?
Fat
Which structure collects urine from the renal pyramids?
The minor calyx
What forms the major calyx?
The coming together of minor calices, there are normally 2-3 per kidney
What forms the renal pelvis?
The coming together of major calices
Why is one of the right kidney lower than the left one?
The liver is bigger of the right so the kidney is pushed down
What are the 2 main reasons behind renal pain?
- Stretching of the capsule, due to increased internal pressure
- Spasm of the smooth muscle on the renal pelvis
Where is renal pain referred to?
T12
Where is an implanted kidney put?
Into the iliac fossa
Which vessels are anastomosed during a renal transplant?
Renal vein and artery to the external iliac vein and artery
What is an ureterocystostomy?
When the ureter is put straight into the bladder. It’s done during a kidney transplant
What is bilateral/unilateral renal agenesis?
When the kidneys don’t form
What are supernumerary kidneys?
More kidneys than is needed
What is an ectopic kidney?
When the kidney is in the wrong place
What are the 2 types of renal fusion?
Horse shoe kidney and pelvic cake / lump kidney
What blood vessel will prevent a horseshoe kidney from ascending to its anatomical position and why?
The inferior mesenteric artery because it’s the lowest down (The kidneys start in the pelvis and then ascend)
Describe the shape of the right kidney
Pyramidal (pointed)
Describe the shape of the left kidney
Semilunar (rounded)
What types of hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?
Corticosteroids (eg. cortisol), and sex hormones (eg. progesterone)
What hormone is produced in the medulla of adrenal glands?
Adrenaline
What arteries supply the adrenal glands?
Superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries
What veins supply the adrenal glands?
Suprarenal veins
What nerve supplies the adrenal glands?
The abdominopelvic nerve (greater, lesser, and least splanchnic)
Why is the extensive blood supply to adrenal glands functionally significant?
Its an endocrine gland so a great blood supply helps with hormone circulation
What are the 3 narrowest points of the ureters?
- The pelviureteric junction (coming out of the kidney)
- Crossing the iliac vessels/pelvic brim (middle of ureter)
- Entering bladder (because theres a kink)
What are calculi?
Kidney stones
What machine is used to view kidney stones and why?
Plain x-ray because the soft tissue won’t show up so it’s all clear, or CT
What causes renal colic?
The peristaltic movement of ureters
What is the standard treatment for large kidney stones?
Shock wave lithotripsy
What are the 3 portions of a male urethra?
pre-prostatic, prostatic, and membranous
