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ANSC 464 - Companion Animal Nutrition > (T2) Lecture 8a - Nutrient requirements of exercising horses > Flashcards

(T2) Lecture 8a - Nutrient requirements of exercising horses Flashcards

1
Q

What does moderate exercise with rest cause?

A

Remodeling of long skeletal bones
- risk of microfractures and injury if intensity increased too rapidly
- full bone turnover takes approximately 6 months

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2
Q

What is needed to maintain healthy bone structure?

A

A reasonable amount of exercise

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3
Q

What does RBAE indicate?

A

measuring mineral density in bone structure

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4
Q

Which energy source is used anaerobically and which aerobically?

A

Anaerobic = glycogen and glucose

Aerobic = all of them, usually fat

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5
Q

What 3 fiber types are muscles made of?

A
  1. Type I: Slow-twitch for endurance
    - aerobic
    - oxidize triglycerides
  2. Type IIA: Intermediate fast twitch
    - anaerobic + aerobic
    - can use both intramuscular glycogen and triglycerides
  3. Type IIX: Fast-twitch for sprints
    - anaerobic
    - low oxidative potential
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6
Q

Horses have a sphenic reserve of red blood cells, why?

A

To increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood to sustain aerobic energy process as long as possible.

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7
Q

What factors affect nutrient/energy requirements of working horses?

A
  1. Duration
  2. Intensity
    - speed, ground resistance, incline
  3. Other
    - # and height of jumping efforts
    - performance of extended and collected gaits
    - amount of wt carried or pulled
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8
Q

Energy requirement for exercising horses

A

Energy for maintenance + energy for daily exercise effort

Variable depending on:
- horse
- level of training
- type of exercise
- rider wt and experience
- climate
- ground conditions

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9
Q

What are the 4 classifications of exercise? Why would they be used?

A

Light, Moderate, Heavy, Very Heavy

Trying to put a number on energy needs for exercise.

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10
Q

How can energy requirements be estimated from oxygen utilization? What is heart rate associated with?

A

Increase HR = Increase O2 = Increase energy use

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11
Q

How do energy requirements for exercise vary depending on exercise category?

A

For very heavy work there is a slightly greater maintenance requirement correcting for the increasing intensity and duration of exercise.

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12
Q

Carbohydrates for exercising horses

A
  • Important source of energy!!!!
  • Increased intensity = increased CHO use
  • due to recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers (anaerobic)
  • muscle glycogen depletion related to exercise intensity and duration
  • must maintain adequate availability bc fatigue resistance is reduced when glycogen is depleted
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13
Q

What feed types would replenish glycogen faster?

A

Rapidly digestible CHOs (starch and sugars)
- we also try to have as much fat oxidation as possible so we want adipose tissue; better the horse is at beta-oxidation to support exercise the longer muscle glycogen will be maintained and the longer the horse will be able to run

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14
Q

Linoleic acid forms ________________
Alpha-Linolenic forms ________________

A
  1. arachidonic acid
  2. EPA and DHA
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15
Q

Do horses require arachidonic acid?

A

No, they can make it themselves

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16
Q

What is protein metabolism estimated to be during exercise?

A

Only 5-15% of energy expenditure
- serum concentrations of branched-chain AA are reduced after prolonged exercise (oxidized for energy)
- no proven detrimental effects of high protein intake on performance

17
Q

When do exercising horses require increased protein and AA?

A

For developing and repairing muscles; need an ideal AA profile for muscle repair

CP increases for exercises depending on category

If protein req goes up, so does lysine

18
Q

What are calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium required for?

A

Bone development
- increased requirement met through additional feed for energy
- must be accompanied by exercise for metabolism

19
Q

How does the link between mineral requirement and exercise work?

A

More energy used = more minerals being used

20
Q

Why do requirements for potassium, sodium and chloride increase in exercising horses?

A

To replace loss in sweat.
- requirement is adjusted upwards with an increased intensity of exercise

21
Q

Why are there so many vitamin supplements on the market if there are no clear requirements established for working horses?

A

Owners looking for easy fix for their horse to run faster

22
Q

Water requirements for exercising horses

A

Dependent on conditions and duration

Intake can increase x2-3 over maintenance

23
Q

4 Disorders Associated with Exercise

A
  1. Gastric Ulcers
  2. Post Exhaustion Syndrome
  3. Exertional Rhabdomyloysis Syndrome
  4. Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
24
Q

Gastric Ulcers

A

Erosion of the squamous mucosa due to exposure to gastric acid, reduces appetite.

Causes
- contracted stomach
- continuous HCl secretions
- contraction of abdominal muscles
- high rapidly digestible CHO meals
- fasting and amylolytic bacteria

25
Q

How would you prevent or treat a horse with gastric ulcers using dietary changes?

A
  1. reduce exercise
  2. let horse graze = increase forage = increase chewing and saliva = supporting recover of stomach wall
  3. take away concentrate
26
Q

Post Exhaustion Syndrome

A

Very severe muscle damage resulting in muscle stiffness and reluctance to move post-exercise.

Cause
- muscular accumulation of lactate, depletion of glycogen = severe anaerobic metabolas

Prevention
- electrolytes
- calcium carbonate
- increase conditioning
- slow down after heavy exercise
- IV

27
Q

Exertional Rhabdomylosis Syndrome

A

Muscle pain and cramping during or immediately after exercise, can be sporadic or chronic

Diagnosis
- myogloburia (muscle material in urine)
- creatinine kinase
- lactate dehydrogenase
- aspartate aminotransferase

Cause
- overtraining, deficiencies in vit E and selenium
- can be recurrent

28
Q

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy

A

Genetic disorder of PSSM1 or PSSM2

Cause
- high concentrations of glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate in muscles

Signs
- exercise intolerance
- muscle stiffness/pain
- lameness
- camped-out stance
- colic symptoms
- muscle atrophy

29
Q

How can you prevent polysaccharide storage myopathy?

A

Want to prevent glycogen buildup = feed less starch and sugar, more fiber, and use FAT as an energy source.
- remove concentrates
- implement daily exercise regimen

30
Q

Feeding behaviour of horses

A
  • graze continuously
  • do not adjust food intake to diet energy density (seasonal pattern)
  • voluntary intake greatly distorted by palatability (alfalfa > grass hay)
  • highly selective eaters (preference for what is known)
31
Q

What is group feeding affected by?

A
  1. social status
  2. variation in appetites
  3. intake rates

Creates aggressive behaviour with limited feed provisions; may require separation into different groups.

32
Q

What is grazing time affected by?

A

Environment
- seasonal eating
- rain, wind, high temps decrease grazing
- high humidity increases grazing
- snow cover can influence grazing
- seeking shelter
- infestation of insects

33
Q

Anorexia

A
  • typically indicative of an illness (link btw immune system and brain = cytokines)
  • may be caused by dental problems
  • can be a learned behaviour (typically limited)
34
Q

Coprophagy

A
  • not normal behaviour in horses
  • will not graze in areas contaminated with feces
  • exception: foals consume dams feces to establish healthy microbiome
35
Q

Geophagia

A

Dirt-eating
- not uncommon
- may be used to acquire salt and trace minerals
- sand may create colic or diarrhea

36
Q

Wood chewing

A
  • undecided if normal or predecessor to cribbing
  • may cause intestinal obstruction
  • typically caused by inclement weather or lack of fiber
  • horse may be stressed, attention seeking, or not getting enough opportunities to graze
37
Q

3 Stereotypic Behaviours of Horses

A
  1. Cribbing
    - incisor teeth grip object, horse pulls back and gulps air
    - associated with drop in stomach pH and incidence of gastric ulcers
  2. Stall-walking
    - constant movement in circles around an enclosed stall
  3. Waving
    - shifting wt while stationary
38
Q

Why may forage alleviate stereotypic behaviour?

A

Add more fiber (bulk) to diet to reduce energy density
- animal spends more time eating and prolonged satiety

ANSC 464 - Companion Animal Nutrition (20 decks)

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