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ANSC 464 - Companion Animal Nutrition > (T2) Lecture 6b - Life cycle nutrition of dogs > Flashcards

(T2) Lecture 6b - Life cycle nutrition of dogs Flashcards

1
Q

When are dogs considered older?

A

When they reach half of their life expectancy

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2
Q

In older dogs lean body mass decreases which means there is less protein tissue. What are the consequences of this?

A
  • Per unit of body you have a reduction of the basal metabolic rate (less protein turnover)
  • Reduction in activity can coincide with thyroid fxn (important for basal metabolism)
  • Decrease in MER!
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2
Q

What is are the 2 goals of nutrition for older dogs?

A
  1. Optimization of quality and longevity of life
  2. Minimization of disease
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3
Q

Why is nutrition an important aspect of geriatric care?

A
  • Delay or elimination of cancer, kidney disease, and heart disease
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3
Q

What is the water requirement for older dogs?

A
  • More prone to dehydration; possible osmoregulatory disturbances, medications (diuretics), and chronic renal disease
  • Continuous access to fresh, clean water is important
  • Closely monitor intake
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4
Q

Energy requirement of older dogs

A
  • lean body mass decreases; less protein tissue
  • subcutaneous fat increases
  • basal metabolic rate gradually declines
  • body temperature may decrease
  • less active
  • impaired thryoid fxn
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5
Q

How does body mass change in older dogs?

A

Decrease in lean body mass
Increase in fat body mass

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6
Q

How is the protein requirement of older dogs affected by a decrease in lean body mass?

A
  • Alterations in protein synthesis and turnover
  • Higher protein intake in older dogs than in younger adults to try and keep lean body mass high for as long as possible (~50% more protein)
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7
Q

When kidney fxn is impaired, why would high protein diets accelerate renal disease?

A

Too much pressure on the kidney having to get rid of the N

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8
Q

What are the fat requirements of older dogs?

A
  • Low fat intake to reduce risk of obesity
  • Essential fatty acid requirements must be met (linoleic and linolenic)
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9
Q

What are the fat requirements for very old dogs?

A

Higher fat intake to prevent to lose weight. More fat in food =
- increase in energy intake
- increase in palatability
- increase (likely) protein use (to maintain mass)
- correct immunonescence

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10
Q

What are the requirements for Ca and P for older dogs?

A
  • Avoid excessive P intake; clinical or subclinical renal disease often present in older dogs
  • Foods with 0.25-0.75% DM P are recommended
  • Osteoporosis not a clinical problem in dogs so there is little concern about Ca deficiency in older dogs.
  • ratio is still ~1:1
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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of fiber (soluble vs. insoluble) for older dogs?

A

PROS
- older dogs are prone to constipation; add insoluble fiber to prevent
- soluble fiber decreases postprandial glycemic effects in older diabetic dogs (aka reduces the rise in blood glucose)
- dilutes calories while reducing satiety

CONS
- can impair digestion of other nutrients
- flatulence (soluble fiber)
- dilutes calories; for very old dogs want less fiber to increase calorie density

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12
Q

What is the recommended DM content of fiber for older dogs?

A

Greater than or equal to 2%

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13
Q

What are 4 goals of a good reproductive feeding program?

A
  1. Optimize conception
  2. # of puppies per litter
  3. Ability of the bitch to deliver; rapidly-available energy (glycogen) fed right before delivery
  4. Viability of prenatal and neonatal puppies
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14
Q

What should precede mating and conception?

A

Optimal nutrition of reproducing animals
- malnutrition before breeding is often unnoticed until puppies are born at a low birth wt

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15
Q

What is flushing?

A

An increase in food intake (plane of nutrition) and body conditioning prior to mating increasing the chance of proper pregnancy

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16
Q

When during gestation does an increase in food intake and body wt occur?

A

Most of the change is happening in the second portion of gestation
- unlike the cat who has a linear increase in BW throughout gestation

17
Q

What are the protein requirements for a dog during gestation?

A

*Protein and AA req for reproduction is not well defined

  1. Higher protein quality (aka digestible and ideal AA profile)
    - increases vigor of newborn puppies
    - decreases neonatal mortality
    - supports important maternal gain
  2. Protein deficiency during pregnancy
    - decrease birth wt
    - increase mortality during first 48hr of life
    - decrease immunocompetence of puppies
  3. Recommended allowance - late pregnancy
    - CP doubles
    - Arginine (so urea cycle fxns well)
18
Q

What is the requirement for fat during gestation?

A

Increasing fat levels
- increase digestibility
- increase energy provision
- increase nitrogen retention

Also ensuring sufficient linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid.

19
Q

What does the amount of fat in the diet of a gestating dog depend on?

A
  • litter size
  • body condition
  • food intake
  • giant-breed bitches need high-energy throughout gestation
20
Q

What is the CHO requirement for a dog during gestation?

A

Recommendation: ~20% of energy from CHOs (starch or fiber)
- Bitch needs digestible CHOs during pregnancy
- High metabolic requirement for glucose; 50% of energy for fetal development supplied as glucose

21
Q

If a gestating dog is fed a CHO-free food, what could happen?

A

NOT GOOD. Points of evidence that we need to feed some digestible CHOs (starch and glucose) bc without:
- increase wt loss
- decrease food intake
- decrease birth wt of puppies
- decrease neonatal survival of puppies
- increase risk of stillbirth
- increase risk of hypoglycemia and ketosis during late pregnancy
- decrease lactose concentration in milk

22
Q

If no CHOs are fed to a gestating dog, what must happen to avoid consequences?

A
  1. Protein intake must double
  2. Gluconeogenesis used to form energy from AA (also means a lot of deamination resulting in more pressure on the kidneys to get rid of N)
23
Q

What is the requirement for Ca and P during the last 5 wks of gestation?

A

Ca and P requirements increase by 60% due to rapid skeletal growth of puppies

Ca:P ratio = 1:1 to 1.5:1

24
Q

What happens if the dog intakes excessive amounts of Ca during pregnancy?

A
  • decrease activity of parathyroid glands
  • predisposition to eclampsia during lactation
25
Q

What 2 trace elements are required during gestation?

A
  1. Iron
    - very high during last week
    - fetuses store Fe in liver (regular milk is low, get Fe from storage)
    - colostrum is rich in Fe (regular milk is low)
  2. Zinc
    - must be adequate
    - deficiencies may lead to fetal resorption or fewer, less viable offspring
26
Q

During lactation, what are nutrient requirements directly related to?

A

Milk production!
- more puppies = more milk = more nutrients

27
Q

When are nutrient requirements for a dog the highest?

A

Nutrient requirement higher than in any other adult lifestage and equal or higher than for growth during lactation.

28
Q

What is the first nutrient needed for lactation?

A

Water

29
Q

What is the water requirement of a lactating dog?

A
  • it is the first nutrient needed for lactation
  • large quantities for milk production
  • thermoregulation
  • critical that there is clean, fresh water available at all times
30
Q

What is the limiting factor for meeting the energy requirement of a lactating dog?

A

Energy intake
- energy density too low: physical limitation to eat enough food
- as a nutritionalist, to avoid prolonged negative energy balance we would increase the energy density of the feed to get the lactating dog in a neutral or positive energy balance sooner rather than later

31
Q

When is a dog in an energy deficiency?

A

During early lactation
- uses body reserves to meet requirements

32
Q

Why is the maintenance energy requirement slightly higher for a lactating dog compared to an average adult dog?

A

Due to stress and increased activity associated with caring for puppies

33
Q

What 3 factors contribute to estimating the energy required for milk production?

A
  1. Gross energy of milk
  2. Efficiency of converting maternal energy into milk energy
  3. Quantity of milk produced daily
34
Q

Why is MER greater for lactation than gestation?

A

Due to more activity (caring for puppies and stress)
- instead of 130 kcal ME per metabolic BW we put 145

35
Q

What is the energy requirement formula for a lactating dog?

A

145 kcal ME per BWkg^0.75

36
Q

What is the amount of milk produced related to?

A

Demand of milk
- directly related to litter size and stage of lactation
- large litters produce more milk than with small litters
- more milk during mid-lactation than late lactation

37
Q

What are the protein requirements for a lactating dog?

A
  • Requirement for protein increases more than requirement for energy
  • Protein-energy ratio must be higher in foods than for adult maintenance
38
Q

What are the fat requirements for a lactating dog?

A
  • Increase energy density of food
  • Milk fat and FA composition are very variable components of milk
39
Q

Puppies are born with very low energy reserves, what must happen?

A

Increasing fat from 12-20% DM increases fat in milk by 30%. Sufficient fat in milk allows puppies to build up fat tissue as fast as possible.

40
Q

What are the CHO (aka starch and sugar) requirements of a lactating dog?

A
  • Need soluble CHOs for lactose (galactose + glucose) production. Without CHO milk lactose is 2%; normal is 3-3.5%.
  • Protein seems not to correct lactose levels but CHO content does
  • Recommendation: 10-20% of energy intake in the form of soluble CHOs
41
Q

What are the Ca and P requirements for a dog during lactation?

A

Mineral requirements during lactation
- determined by mineral excretion in milk
- number of nursing puppies
- little bit more Ca than the 1:1 ratio

42
Q

What are 3 other key nutritional factors to consider for a lactating dog?

A
  1. Iron
    - requirement only slightly increased during lactation
    - mature milk low in Fe, colostrum rich in Fe (levels drop within 48 hrs)
  2. Copper
    - requirement increase more than for energy
    - stimulates metabolic activity
  3. Apparent digestibility of nutrients
    - above average digestibility so more nutrients enter the bloodstream to support milk production

ANSC 464 - Companion Animal Nutrition (20 decks)

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