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ANSC 464 - Companion Animal Nutrition > (T2) Lecture 5a - Nutrient requirements of dogs > Flashcards

(T2) Lecture 5a - Nutrient requirements of dogs Flashcards

1
Q

When is a dog an adult?

A

Fully grown (about 12 month old)
- not over 5-7 yrs

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2
Q

Domestic canids are the most diverse mammalian species in mature BW and size. What are the consequences for nutritional requirements?

A

Nutrient requirements cannot be expressed per unit of metabolic BW, they should be expressed as per unit of energy requirement

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3
Q

What are the goals of nutritional management?

A

Maximize longevity, quality of life, and disease prevention
- different objectives than livestock

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4
Q

What are 7 factors that influence the energy requirements of dogs?

A
  1. Gender and neuter status
  2. Breed
  3. Age
  4. Body weight
  5. Reproduction
  6. Activity level
  7. Environment
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5
Q

Why do female dogs need less energy than males?

A
  • less lean body mass than males
  • more body fat
  • lean body mass accounts for basal metabolic rate; BMR: (lean tissue > fat tissue)
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6
Q

Why is protein tissue more active? Aka why does protein tissue need more energy to maintain itself?

A
  • in protein tissue there is always protein degradation and turnover which is a very substantial part of MER
  • more protein in the body = higher MER
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7
Q

Neutered dogs need less energy, what does this affect?

A
  • But higher food intake
  • Lack of appetite-suppressing estrogen in neutered bitches
  • Decrease in physical activity
  • Prone to obesity (energy intake > requirement) = MUST lower energy intake
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8
Q

What is different across breeds?

A
  1. Different breeds may be at risk for specific diseases or metabolic alterations
    - some predisposed to obesity
  2. MER
    - differences in lean body mass, temperament, and activity level
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9
Q

What factors are influenced by breed?

A

BW, composition, activity

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10
Q

When do age-related changes occur? What might they be?

A

Occur btw onset of adulthood and 5-7 yrs of age
- prevalence of dental disease, obesity and kidney disease will increase over this time span

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11
Q

How does activity level influence energy requirements of dogs?

A
  • Significantly influences energy requirements
  • Consistently higher level of physical activity increases lean body mass = spend more energy, even at rest
  • Activity can not be defined precisely, because of this feeding recommendations should initially be conservative
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12
Q

What can be used to monitor body mass?

A
  1. weight and height
  2. a scale
  3. real time ultrasound to measure fat mass
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13
Q

What environmental factors influence energy requirements of dogs?

A

Environmental factors
- temperature (more MER above or below TNZ), humidity, type of housing (dogs kept outdoors need more energy), stress level and degree of acclimatization

Animal factors
- isolative characteristics of skin and coat (small energy increase for body cooling)
- difference in stature, behaviour, and activity

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14
Q

What is the basis for establishing energy requirement?

A

From physiologic POV:
- energy requirements of animals with widely differing weights NOT directly related to BW
- more closely related to BW to some power W^b
- most accurate interspecies mass exponent for dogs: 0.75, using this gives you a linear relationship with MER

The amount of energy used by the body is also related to total body SA, not only weight

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15
Q

What is resting fed metabolic rate?

A
  • approx. 15% higher than BMR in normal adult dogs
  • difference btw BMR and resting fed metabolic rate is termed Dietary Thermogenesis (aka heat increment, the amount of heat being released during digestion, absorption, and storage); not considered as useful to the animal except at low ambient temperature
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16
Q

What is MER for a dog?

A

MER = 130 kcal ME x kg BW^0.75
- considerable individual variation
- MER = BMR + thermoregulation + regular activity + fed

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17
Q

What happens to MER when an animal is more active?

A

MER increases

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18
Q

What dogs land above average requirements for MER?

A
  1. young adult laboratory dogs or young adult active pet dogs
  2. adult laboratory terriers or active pet terriers
  3. adult laboratory great danes or active pet great danes
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19
Q

What dogs land below average requirements for MER?

A
  1. inactive pet dogs
  2. older laboratory dogs or older active pet dogs, or laboratory newfoundlands
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20
Q

Water

A
  1. ~56% of an adult dog’s BW (mostly tied to lean (protein) body mass)
  2. Body has limited capacity to store water
    - deprivation = death
    - more quickly than withholding other nutrients
  3. Require constant source of water to replace losses through urine, feces and respiration
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21
Q

What 6 factors affect voluntary water intake?

A
  1. Environmental temperature
    - increase temp = increase intake
  2. Type of diet
    - dry = increase intake
  3. Activity level
    - increase activity = increase intake
  4. Physiological state
    - lactation = increase intake
  5. Health
  6. Increased energy intake cause more metabolic waste products to be produced
    - heat produced by nutrient metabolism increase
    - dog will need more H2O to excrete waste
22
Q

What is the link btw water intake and high CP (crude protein) diets?

A

More water is needed to get rid of the nitrogen
- cat has greater capacity to concentrate urine than a dog
- a dog will increase their water intake quickly if their CP increases

23
Q

How does water intake compare btw a dog fed a dry food vs canned food?

A
  • Dry dog food has 7-12% water
  • Canned food has up to 78% water
  • Dogs able to adapt water intake; if fed canned have a lower voluntary intake
24
Q

When is metabolic water produced?

A

During oxidation of energy containing nutrients in body
- accounts for 5-10% of total daily water intake

25
Q

How can an animals’ water requirement be estimated?

A
  • by measuring its energy intake
  • healthy dogs readily self-regulate water intake = always provide access to fresh, clean drinking water
26
Q

Is there benefit to feeding extra protein to a dog when AA requirement is met?

A

NO
- must be deaminated by the liver
- nitrogen-byproduct excreted via kidneys
- keto acid analogues are used as energy or stored as fat

27
Q

How much protein do adult dogs need?

A

Enough for maintenance + activity
- bottom line, not much

28
Q

What factors affect protein requirement?

A

Biological value and protein digestibility influence protein needed to meet dog’s requirements

If: BV high, PD high, DP low
If: BV low, PD low, DP higher

29
Q

What is biological value?

A

High BV = ideal AA profile
- feeding high or low are both fine, but if you are feeding low they will need more
- High BV = animal protein
- Low BV = plant protein

30
Q

What are variables for assessing protein and AA requirements?

A

For adult animals
- nitrogen balance: Nfood - N feces - Nurine

For growing animals
- wt gain

31
Q

Apparent ileal vs. total tract digestibility of protein

A

Apparent ileal digestibility of protein/AA more accurate than apparent total tract digestibility

32
Q

What is apparent ileal digestibility of protein?

A

Includes the endogenous losses
- we correct for that and would call it “true” or “corrected” ileal digestibility of protein

33
Q

Why is AID more accurate than ATTD?

A

Gives us the value from the GI tract after AA absorption but before microbe activity

34
Q

Why was using ileal-cannulated dogs to measure apparent ileal digestibility of protein discontinued? Why not collect feces as an alternative?

A

Consumers didn’t like that dogs were being surgically modified.

Essential AA absorption will be finished at the end of SI, and LI microbes will modify

35
Q

Strictly speaking are AA or CP required?

A

AA are required, not CP
- CP is a simple indicator of how many AA are in the diet; AA are required for maintenance and growth

36
Q

Why do we still use CP?

A
  • CP analysis is cheaper to test and an easier way to talk about protein to clients
37
Q

What is Arginine? Why is it important?

A
  1. Key intermediate in urea cycle
    - detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia
    - higher CP = ensure sufficient arginine to run the urea cycle smoothly
  2. Release of several hormones and metabolic mediators
    - e.g., insulin, glucagon, gastrin
  3. Precursor of biogenic amines
    - important for cell replication
  4. Precursor of neurotransmitter
    - nitric oxide
38
Q

What are the signs of an arginine deficiency?

A

Signs of ammonia toxicity
- tremors, vomiting, profuse salivation, and hyperglycemia

  • milk replacers and food for other species must be evaluated for arginine content before feeding
39
Q

Dietary fat requirement

A
  1. Dogs tolerate high fat diets; receive 70% of energy in the form of fat which means they are good at beta oxidation
  2. Dogs adapt to wide range of fat types and amounts; preference for animal fats
  3. Diets high in fat:
    - ensure adequate intake of protein, minerals and vitamins
    - adjust for high energy value
  4. minimal amounts of fat in diet when essential FA are adequte
  5. Caution: fat source: tallow (beef fat) low in linoleic acid
40
Q

Dietary fat digestibility

A

Fat is often more digestible than protein or CHOs
- plant sources more digestible than animal fats

41
Q

Essential fatty acids for dogs

A
  • Linoleic, alpha-linolenic, long-chain PUFA (EPA+DHA)
  • Dogs can synthesize arachidonic acid from linoleic acid
42
Q

What happens if too low amounts of fat are in the diet?

A
  • deficiencies in total energy
  • deficiencies in essential fatty acids = hair loss, dry dull coat, skin lesions and infections
  • decreased food palatability
43
Q

What happens if you provide a dog with more fat than their digestive tract can absorb?

A

Diarrhea

44
Q

How is wt gain and obesity associated with dietary fat?

A

Due to high palatability of energy dense diet
- more fat = more calorically dense = feed less
- easy to overfeed bc it is very palatable

45
Q

Why don’t adult dogs have an absolute dietary requirement for CHOs (starch and fiber)?

A

Omnivore!
- can use gluconeogenesis or fat as an energy source via beta-oxidation

46
Q

Dog’s have a requirement for glucose and glucose precursors, where do these come from? Why?

A

Essential fuel for CNS, it is the energy currency in the bloodstream

Can come from CHOs, starch and fiber

WITHOUT dietary CHOs, glucose precursors come from lipids and protein
- lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
- glucogenic aa not available for protein synthesis

47
Q

Are dogs good at digesting starch?

A

YES! They are very good at it, they have a high safe upper limit.

48
Q

What does adding fiber to a dog’s diet do? Why is it needed?

A

Increases its bulkiness that contributes to satiety
- helps wt loss in obese dogs: calorie dilution
- BUT: fiber can decrease digestibility of other nutrients

WHY?
- a consequence of using plant based ingredients
- used to prevent constipation or fermentable fiber as a prebiotic to stimulate gut health

49
Q

What happens if dogs experience a Ca and P deficiency?

A

skeletal abnormalities

50
Q

What may excessive P accelerate?

A

Progression of chronic renal disease in susceptible dogs
- P restriction may slow down the progression of chronic renal disease and improve long-term survival

51
Q

What is the required Ca:P ratio?

A

Not less than 1:1

ANSC 464 - Companion Animal Nutrition (20 decks)

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