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2.2 T2: Reproductive system, foetal development > T2 L7: Puberty physiology and disorders > Flashcards

T2 L7: Puberty physiology and disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of puberty?

A

The stage of physical maturation in which a person becomes physiologically capable of pro-creation

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2
Q

What are the 5 stages of puberty in a girl and at what age do they occur normally?

A
  • Growth spurt 8-14yrs
  • Breast growth 8-13yrs (Thelarche)
  • Pubic hair 9-13yrs (Pubarche)
  • Axillary hair 9.5-15yrs (Adrenarche)
  • Menstruation 10-16yrs (Menarche)
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3
Q

When is it considered true puberty in girls?

A

When their is protrusion of the areola and breast growth

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4
Q

What are some endocrine changes in puberty?

A
  • H-P-G (Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)) synchrony
  • Until puberty, neural mechanisms supress GnRH release
  • At 6-9yrs, there is pulsatile nocturnal GnRH release
  • Ovaries/testes become sensitised to FSH and LF
  • ACTH stimulates the adrenals
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5
Q

Which hormone controls Sertoli cells?

A

FSH

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6
Q

Which hormone controls Leydig cells?

A

LH

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7
Q

What is testosterone converted into in the target organs?

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

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8
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Primary oocyte within follicle
  2. Follicle grows
  3. Follicle matures
  4. Follicle ruptures releasing a secondary oocyte (ovulation)
  5. Corpus luteum develops and then degenerates
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9
Q

What happens during the Follicular stage of the ovarian cycle?

A

Oestrogen levels rise and there is a surge of LH in the middle of the cycle. Ovulation occurs

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10
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

There is negative feedback after ovulation so that there is no more ovulation within that cycle

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11
Q

Which hormone upkeeps the endometrium?

A

Progesterone

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12
Q

What happens in Adrenarche?

A

ACTH stimulates the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex which causes axillary and pubic hair growth.

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13
Q

What is the chronological order of puberty in girls?

A 
Growth spurt
Breast development
Pubic hair
Axillary hair
Menarche
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14
Q

What is the chronological order of puberty in boys?

A 
Testicular volume 
Penile length
Pubic hair
Growth spurt
Axillary/facial hair 
Deep voice
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15
Q

Which development indicates puberty in a boy?

A

Increase in testicular volume (must be at least 4ml)

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16
Q

What is the age of precocious puberty in boys and girls?

A

Girls- 8ys

Boys- 9yrs

17
Q

What is the age of delayed puberty in boys and girls?

A

Over 14years in both

18
Q

What is Manuel Albright syndrome?

A

Presents as dark patches on the body. It can cause Girls to go through precocious puberty

19
Q

What are some normal variants of puberty?

A

Premature Thelarche or Adrenarche

Can present together

20
Q

What is the difference between central and peripheral precocious puberty?

A

Central: True precocious puberty and it’s gonadotrophin dependent

Peripheral: Pseudo-precocious puberty and it’s gonadotrophin independent Eg. Ovarian cysts

21
Q

What are some concerns raised by precocious puberty?

A
  • Possible sinister underlying cause (boys: 80%)
  • Emotional and psycho-social issues
  • Early cessation of growth
22
Q

What is a Hypothalamic hamartoma?

A

A benign growth on the hypothalamus

23
Q

What is the treatment given for Precocious puberty?

A

A long-acting LHRH (luteinising hormone-releasing hormone) analogue

It stops further progression of puberty by blocking the axis

24
Q

What is premature Thelarche?

A

Isolated breast development usually seen in children ages 2-3yrs

It’s a normal variant of precocious puberty

25
Q

What is premature Adrenarche?

A

Isolated pubic hair development

It’s a normal variant of precocious puberty but it can be the first sign of puberty in some

26
Q

What hormones cause pseudo-precocious puberty?

A

Androgens or oestrogens

27
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

When a boy has an additional X chromosome

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome?

A
  • Behavioural problems
  • Androgen deficiency
  • Infertility
  • Micro-genitalia
29
Q

What treatment if given to people with Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Lifelong testosterone replacement therapy

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Turner’s syndrome?

A

Triad- short stature, streak gonads, and primary amenorrhoea

  • Dysmorphic features like webbing of the neck and cubitus valgus
  • Coarctation of aorta
  • Horse-shoe kidneys
  • Lymphedema
31
Q

What is cubitus valgus?

A

The forearm is angled out away from the body when the arm is fully extended

32
Q

What is Lymphedema?

A

Build up of fluid in soft tissue due to blocked lymph nodes

2.2 T2: Reproductive system, foetal development (16 decks)

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