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1. Theme 2 > T2 L5: Physiology of white blood cells > Flashcards

T2 L5: Physiology of white blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 examples of lymphoid cells

A

B-cells, T-cells and NK cells

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2
Q

What cell do lymphoid cells develop from?

A

Lymphoid progenitor

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3
Q

Give examples of myeloid cells

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, basophils, eosinophil, neutrophil and monocyte

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4
Q

What cell do all myeloid cells develop from?

A

The myeloid progenitor cell

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5
Q

What cell do Erythrocytes differentiate from?

A

Erythroid CFU

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6
Q

What cells create platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

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7
Q

What cell do basophils differentiate from?

A

Basophil CFU

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8
Q

What cells do Eosinophils differentiate from?

A

Eosinophil CFU

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9
Q

What cell do Neutrophils develop from?

A

Granulocyte-monocyte CFU

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10
Q

What cells do Monocytes develop from?

A

Granulocyte-monocyte CFU

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11
Q

Give examples of phagocytes

A

mononuclear phagocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil

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12
Q

Give examples of auxiliary cells

A

Basophil, mast cell, platelets

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13
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Terminally differentiated T-cells

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14
Q

Why are granulocytes called that?

A

They have granules containing important chemicals

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15
Q

B-cell and T-cells are part of what type of immunity?

A

Adaptive

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16
Q

What is the normal % of Neutrophils in blood?

A

50-70%

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17
Q

What is the normal % of lymphocytes in blood?

A

20-40%

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18
Q

What is the normal % of monocytes in blood?

A

3-10%

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19
Q

What is the normal % of eosinophils in blood?

A

1-3%

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20
Q

What is the normal % of basophils in blood?

A

<1%

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21
Q

What types of cells have antigen specific receptors?

A

B-cell and T-cells

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22
Q

What % of lymphocytes are NK cells?

A

5%. They don’t have antigen specific receptors

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23
Q

How do basophils appear under a microscope?

A

Lobed nucleus with a heavily granulated cytoplasm

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24
Q

What is the role of basophils?

A

They release pharmacologically active substances from their cytoplasmic granules

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of basophils?

A

They are recruited to sites of allergic reactions or ectoparasite infection and express FcεRI. When an antigen bind to the FcεRI, it causes degranulation effector mediators

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26
Q

What is FcεRI?

A

High affinity IgE receptor, allows binding to IgE

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27
Q

What cells is FcεRI found on?

A

Epidermal Langerhans cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils.

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28
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

A parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the outside of its host

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29
Q

How do eosinophils appear under the microscope?

A

Have a bilobed nuclei and granulated cytoplasm

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30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of eosinophils?

A

They are recruited to sites of allergic reaction and express FcεRI when activated. They degranulate and the substances released attack parasites

31
Q

How do neutrophils appear under the microscope?

A

Multilobed nucleus and pinkish

32
Q

Which cells produce myeloperoxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

Which cells increase in number during a bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophils. Increased monocytes with a chronic infection

34
Q

How long is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

8hr - 4days

35
Q

Which cells are the first responders to infection?

A

Neutrophils

36
Q

How do monocytes appear under the microscope?

A

Kidney-shaped nucleus

37
Q

The spleen is a reservoir for what type of cell?

A

Monocytes

38
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are precursors to macrophages. Monocytes are found in the blood but macrophages are tissue specific

39
Q

What is the lifespan of a macrophage?

A

Months to years

40
Q

Which cells can be referred to as tissue-resident phagocytes?

A

Macrophages

41
Q

What are pseudopodia?

A

Extensions of a cell membrane

42
Q

What cells increase in number during a viral infection?

A

Lymphocytes and sometimes monocytes

43
Q

What cells increase in number during a parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils and there is activation of mast cells

44
Q

What cells increase in number during a fungal infection?

A

Monocytes

45
Q

What types of cells increase in number during an allergy?

A

Basophils and there is activation of mast cells. Eosinophils in chronic phase.

46
Q

How do cytokines generally signal?

A

Paracrine

47
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines that induce directed chemotaxis

48
Q

Which molecules guide monocytes into sites of

infection?

A

CCL-2 (chemokine ligand 2) also known as MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1)

49
Q

What is the mechanism behind redness, heat and swelling?

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

50
Q

Describe the inflammatory response

A

Blood vessels dilate and become more permeable. Leucocytes migrate into tissue, activate and then begin to destroy the pathogens

51
Q

Which cells mediate acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

52
Q

Which cells mediate chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

53
Q

What molecule stimulates adhering monocytes to cross the endothelium?

A

MCP-1

54
Q

What are cytokines also known as?

A

Interleukins

55
Q

What is the purpose of IgM?

A

It’s the first antibody produced during an immune response. Doesn’t have a high affinity so circulates in pentamers. It switches to other antibodies

56
Q

What is the purpose of IgA?

A

The only antibody that can cross mucosal surfaces. Found in gut, tears, saliva and colostrum which helps line a babies intestines. It forms dimers and has a secretory component (s) that protects it from digestion.

57
Q

What is the purpose of IgD?

A

Like IgM but believed to be redundant

58
Q

What is the purpose of IgG?

A

Main mature antibody. Circulates as a monomer

59
Q

What is the purpose of IgE?

A

For parasitic infections and allergy. Circulates as a monomer

60
Q

How do white cells get into the endothelium?

A

P-selectin and E-selectin on the endothelium are recognised by oligosaccharides on leucocyte. ICAMS on the endothelium then recognise integrins on leucocyte. MSP-1 then stimulates cells to cross the endothelium

61
Q

What is an ICAM?

A

Intercellular adhesion molecule

62
Q

What is the function of selectins?

A

They bind carbohydrates and initiate leukocyte-endothelium interaction

63
Q

How do platelets recruit monocytes?

A

Platelets directly interact with monocytes, leading to enhanced expression of proteins on the monocyte surface. This enhances platelet-monocyte aggregate formation and recruitment of further monocytes to the endothelium

64
Q

Why does an increased platelet count affect leukocyte recruitment?

A

Platelets can bind with monocytes and cause recruitment

65
Q

How do phagocytes recognise pathogens?

A

Cell surface receptors that discriminate between surface molecules on pathogens and host cells

66
Q

Name 3 types of pattern-recognition receptors

A

Macrophage mannose receptor, scavenger receptors and toll-like receptors

67
Q

What is the ligand for macrophage mannose receptors?

A

Conserved carbohydrate structures

68
Q

What is the ligand for scavenger receptors?

A

anionic polymers, acetylated and oxidised LDL

69
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Coating of pathogens with circulating receptors

70
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Foreign particles are internalised to form phagosomes. The phagosomes fuse with lysosomes forming phagolysosomes. The foreign particles are then degraded enzymatically

71
Q

Which process occurs via an actin-based mechanism and the interaction with various cell surface receptors?

A

phagocytosis

72
Q

Name 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6

73
Q

Describe the process of atherogenesis

A

A damaged endothelium and deposition of lipids causes a production of chemokines and cytokines. These will recruit monocytes which will develop into macrophages and then foam cells. Alternatively, the damaged endothelium could expose collagen and that would lead to platelet activation and coagulation

1. Theme 2 (12 decks)

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