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1. Theme 2 > T2 L4, Introduction to Anaemia > Flashcards

T2 L4, Introduction to Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia?

A

When the Hb concentration falls below a defined level leading to insufficient O2 delivery

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2
Q

Why is the normal Hb concentration higher in men then women?

A

Because men have more testosterone which adds an arithropoetic drive

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3
Q

Why is the normal Hb range lower in pregnant woman than not pregnant?

A

Because more plasma is produced so the red blood cells are diluted but pregnant women do produce more RBC’s

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4
Q

What are some symptoms of Anaemia?

A

Lethargy, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, headache

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5
Q

What are some signs of Anaemia?

A

Skin pallor, pale conjunctivae, tachypnoea, tachycardia, koilonychia (spoon nails)

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6
Q

What are the main causes of Anaemia?

A

Problems of inadequate blood synthesis (insufficient Fe, B12 and Folic acid or a mone marrow dysfunction) or a problem with blood loss or consumption (bleeding or haemolysis)

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7
Q

Why can chronic bleeding cause anaemia?

A

The bone marrow can compensate for blood loss until iron is used up

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8
Q

Describe the Serum Ferritin diagnostic test

A

It show how much iron is stored within the body iron store

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9
Q

What is Ferritin?

A

The storage form of iron within the body

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10
Q

Describe the Serum Iron diagnostic test

A

It reflects recent intake of iron

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11
Q

Describe the Serum Transferrin diagnostic test

A

It reflects the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the blood

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12
Q

What is Serum Transferrin?

A

A iron carrier molecule from gut to stores. It homeostatically goes up if iron is deficient

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13
Q

Describe the % Transferrin Saturation as a diagnostic test

A

A sensitive measure of iron saturation that reflects the proportion of transferrin that’s iron bound. A low TF saturation indicates iron deficiency

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14
Q

What is the Iron time to deficiency?

A

6-8 years in adult male

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15
Q

What is the vitamin B12 time to deficiency?

A

3-4 years

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16
Q

What is the Folic acid time to deficiency?

A

4 months

17
Q

What is mean corpuscular volume?

A

The mean cell volume (size of red blood cells)

18
Q

What is the normal mean corpuscular volume?

A

80-100 fL

19
Q

What is the meaning of Microcytic and what does this indicate?

A

Small red blood cells. Indicates iron deficiency. Can be caused by inherited disorders like Thalassaemia

20
Q

What is the meaning of Macrocytic and what does this indicate?

A

Large red blood cells. Indicates B12 and Folate deficiency. These are over mature cells

21
Q

What is the meaning of normocytic and what does this indicate?

A

Normal red blood cells. Can indicate acute haemorrhage and renal failure

22
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

newly formed RBC’s (about 1 day old)

23
Q

What does a reticulocyte count indicate?

A

Indicates the rate of RBC production in the bone marrow

24
Q

When is a reticulocyte count low?

A

During precursor deficiencies and if the bone marrow is infiltrated

25
Q

When is a reticulocyte count high?

A

During chronic bleeding and haemolysis

26
Q

What drives red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoetin from kidney

27
Q

What are the 4 blood film morphologies in iron deficiency?

A

Hypochromia, Microcytosis, pencil cells and target cells

28
Q

What is Megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Macrocytic cells (MCV) caused by vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency

29
Q

What is MCV?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

30
Q

What is B12 and Folate required for?

A

DNA synthesis

31
Q

What is Pernicious Anaemia?

A

Caused by B12 deficiency because there is an autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor secreting parietal cells

32
Q

What is the most common form of anaemia in hospitalised patients?

A

Anaemia of chronic disease caused by chronic inflammation or infection

33
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A

A mutation in the beta globin gene causing HbS (sickle Hb). This causes increased cell turnover and therefore raised reticulocytes

34
Q

What are the characteristics of Thalassaemia?

A

It’s an inherited autosomal recessive gene that causes insufficient production of normal Hb

35
Q

What are the 3 types of bone marrow infiltration?

A

Leukaemia, Lymphoma and Myeloma

36
Q

Where is a bone marrow sample obtained from?

A

The iliac crest (Hip bone)

37
Q

What 2 things can long-term transfusion cause?

A

Iron overload and Allo-antibodies to foreign RBC’S

1. Theme 2 (12 decks)

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