T1: Renal Function (Part 2)

Question 1

Three stimuli for the water output area of the hypothalamus

Answer 1

1 increase in extracellular water osmolarity
2 increase in angiotensin II
3 decrease in baroreceptor and distension receptor activity

Question 2

The primary stimulus for ADH release

Answer 2

High Blood Pressure osmolarity

Question 2

Sodium Regulation

-the renal handling of sodium in every major portion of the nephron

Answer 2

Na is exchanged with H ions all along the nephron

Question 3

The effect that ADH causes on the collecting ducts of the kidney

Answer 3

increases pore size, absorb more H2O

Question 4

Sodium Regulation

-The effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in sodium regulation

Answer 4

Causes increases Na reabsorption

Question 5

Sodium Regulation

-Where aldosterone exerts its effect in the nephron

Answer 5

controls regulation in DCT

Question 6

ESSAY
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Specific site in the nephron where renin is produced

Answer 6

JGA in Kidney

Question 7

ESSAY
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Three specific stimuli for renin release

Answer 7

decreased renal perfusion pressure, sympathetic nerve stimulation, decreased Na concentration in DCT

Question 8

ESSAY
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Biochemical conversions from angiotensinogen to angiotensin II

Answer 8

Converting enzyme ACE converts Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 in the lungs

Question 9

ESSAY
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Organs in which the above conversions occur

Answer 9

Liver to the Lung

Question 10

ESSAY
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Four physiological effects of Angiotensin II

Answer 10

1 most powerful vasoconstrictor
2 affects water intake of hypothalamus
3 affects water output and causes the release of ADH from hypothalamus
4 causes aldosterone release from adrenal cortex

Question 11

ESSAY
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Effect of aldosterone on serum sodium and potassium levels

Answer 11

DCT retains more NA and secretes K (therefore decreasing K)

Question 12

The effect of BNP on sodium levels in the blood

Answer 12

BNP causes Na secretion

Question 13

The condition that may be assessed via BNP measurements

Answer 13

CHF

Question 14

The two substances that the kidney regulates to maintain acid-base balance and whether these substnaces are normally reabsorbed or secreted

Answer 14

1 reabsorption of bicarbonate

2 secretion of hydrogen ions

Question 15

Four renal mechanisms by which the kidney maintains acid-base balance and the site in the nephron where these occur

Answer 15

1 react with filtered bicarbonate ions
2 react with filtered buffers to form titrateable acids
3 reacts with secreted ammonia to form ammonium ions
4 exchange with Na ions

Question 16

List the three important hormonal functions of the kidney

Answer 16

1 Vit D metabolism
2 erythropoietin production and release
3 renin production in juxtaglomerular apparatus that results in hormone release

Question 17

a microscopic structure which regulates the function of each nephron; named for its proximity to the glomerulus

Answer 17

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 18

an enzyme that is the starting point for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 18

Renin

Question 19

responsible for filtration of the blood; its selective permeability does not allow large MW compounds to be filtered

Answer 19

glomerulus