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Chemistry Module 3 > T1: Renal Function (Part 1) > Flashcards

T1: Renal Function (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

4 components of the urinary system

A
  • kidney
  • Ureter
  • bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

Anatomy of the kidney

- Vascular supply

A

Efferent arteriole - outgoing blood
Afferent arteriole - incoming blood
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa Recta

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3
Q

Location of the medulla

A

Loops of Henle and collecting ducts

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4
Q

Location of the cortex

A

Where glomeruli are on outside edge

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5
Q

Location of the calices

A

Where the collecting ducts dump

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6
Q

Location of the renal pelvis

A

Trunk that will empty into the ureter

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7
Q

Order of the nephron in order

A

Afferent arteriol, efferent arteriol, blood filtered at Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubules, Loops of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubules, Collecting Ducts

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8
Q 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 
- function
A

Regulated the function of each nephron

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9
Q 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 
- Importance of location
A

Found between the vascular pole of the glomerulus and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron.
Importance: location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate

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10
Q 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 
- functions of granular cells
A

secrete renin, which is an enzyme that is the starting point for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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11
Q 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 
- functions of macula densa cells
A

Regulate sodium and chloride concentrations by sensing (NaCl) in the DCT.

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12
Q 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 
- functions and mesangial cells
A

Receive stimulation from sympathetic nervous system to modulate actions of the JGA

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13
Q

Three functions of the kidney

A
  • excretion
  • homeostatic regulation
  • endocrine
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14
Q

Three basic procedures involved in renal excretion

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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15
Q

In FILTRATION, are substances being conserved in the blood or are they excreted in the urine

A

Going into forming urine from blood

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16
Q

In REABSORPTION, are substances being conserved in the blood or are they excreted in the urine

A

Capillary system taking substance into the blood

17
Q

In SECRETION, are substances being conserved in the blood or are they excreted in the urine

A

From blood to secretion

18
Q

What two plasma constituents that are not normally filtered through the glomerulus?

A
  • high molecular weight plasma proteins

- cells

19
Q

Definition of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

rate in milliliters per minute that that substances are filtered through the kidney’s glomeruli

20
Q

Normal GFR

A

125-130 mL/min

21
Q

Two clinical uses of GFR measurement

A
  • measure of number of functioning nephrons

- sensitive and specific marker of changes in overall renal function

22
Q

Three forces which determine glomerular filtration pressure

A 
Hydrostatic pressure of blood
Fluid pressure (Glomerular hydrostatic pressure)
Plasma osmotic pressure (colloid)
23
Q

Ten substances reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  1. Na+
  2. HCO3-
  3. Glucose
  4. amino acids
  5. proteins
  6. phosphate
  7. sulfate
  8. Mg2+
  9. Ca2+
  10. uric acid
24
Q

specific renal threshold for glucose

A

about 160 mg/dl

25
Q

Major purpose of the countercurrent mechanism

A

Purpose is to remove water from the filtrate on the way down the descending loop making it very salty at the bottom of the loop. Then, on the way up the ascending loop, active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions occurs. OR like a water heater, allows for the reabsorption of H2O, Na, Cl, and urea with less energy expenditure

26
Q

Where does the countercurrent mechanism occurs in the nephron

A

Loops of Henle

27
Q

differentiation of the histology of the descending and ascending limbs

A

Descending: permeable to water so there is passive water and urea reabsorption
Ascending: impermeable to water so there is active reabsorption of sodium and chloride

28
Q

Coutercurrent mechanism

- movement of SODIUM in or out of the renal tubules

A

Out

29
Q

Coutercurrent mechanism

- movement of CHLORIDE in or out of the renal tubules

A

Out

30
Q

Coutercurrent mechanism

- movement of UREA in or out of the renal tubules

A

In

31
Q

Coutercurrent mechanism

- movement of WATER in or out of the renal tubules

A

Out

32
Q

Two distinct regulatory functions of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Responsible for acid-base, water and electrolyte balance control in the nephron so…

  1. sodium reabsorption
  2. potassium secretion
33
Q

Four substances that are normally reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and water

34
Q

Four substances that are normally secreted in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Secretion of K+, H+, NH4+, and uric acid

35
Q

Specific hormone that exerts its effect on the distal convoluted tubule

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

What substances are normally reabsorbed in the collecting ducts

A

increased or decreased water adsorption is controlled here

37
Q

What hormone exerts its effect on the collecting ducts

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)

  • presence causes water reabsorption by widening pores
  • absence causes decrease water reabsorption
38
Q

Net movement of substance against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires energy expenditure

A

Active tubular absorption

39
Q

substance moves by simple diffusion as a result of a concentration or electrical gradient; no energy expenditure

A

Passive tubular absorption

Chemistry Module 3 (12 decks)

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