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Chemistry Module 3 > T1: Non-Protein Nitrogens and Glomerular Function Tests (PART2) > Flashcards

T1: Non-Protein Nitrogens and Glomerular Function Tests (PART2) Flashcards

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1
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- One specific major source

A

Catabolism of the purine base nucleosides, adenosine and guanosine (=purine base metabolism)

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2
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- two specific minor sources

A
  • Food

- Conditions of increased nucleic acid turnover (cancer patients)

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3
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- four sequential steps in its renal handling

A
  1. Free glomerular filtration
  2. Reabsorption of >90% in PCT
  3. Tubular secretion in the distal portion of the PCT
  4. Reabsorption in the DCT
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4
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- One (2) primary cause of hyperuricemia associated with increased formation

A
  1. Idiopathic

2. Inherited metabolic disorders

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5
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- Four secondary causes of hyperuricemia associated with increased formation

A
  1. Excess dietary purine intake
  2. Increased nucleic acid turnover
  3. Altered ATP metabolism
  4. Preeclampsia
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6
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- Once secondary disease state associated with decreased excretion

A
  1. acute or chronic renal disease, increased renal reabsorption, lead poisoning (**much more in lecture)
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7
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- Causes of primary and secondary gout

A

Primary: overproduction of purines, decreased renal secretion of uric acid, increased dietary intake of purines (problem handling Uric acid)
Secondary: consumption of alcohol, fructose drinks, meat, and seafood (dietary gout, acute/chronic renal disease)

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8
Q

ESSAY
Uric Acid
- Reference range for men and women

A

Men: 4.0 - 8.5 mg/dL
Women: 2.7 - 7.3 mg/dL

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9
Q

Reagents used and scientist’s name associated with the chemical method for uric acid

A

Caraway method , oxidation of Uric acid with reduction of phosphotungstic acid to tungsten blue

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10
Q

Reagents used in the enzymatic method for uric acid

A

Uricase method: uricase oxydizes urate to allantoin

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11
Q

ESSAY
ammonia
- three specific sources

A
  1. Deamination of proteins in liver
  2. Bacterial proteases, creases and amine oxidases act on contents of colon in GI tract
  3. Hydrolysis of the glutamine in both the small and large intestines
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12
Q

ESSAY
ammonia
- one primary cause of increased ammonia

A

Inherited urea cycle deficiencies

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13
Q

ESSAY
ammonia
- four secondary causes of increased ammonia

A
  1. Advanced liver disease
  2. renal failure
  3. Reye’s syndrome
  4. hepatic encephalopathy in individuals with cirrhosis
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14
Q

ESSAY
ammonia
- Four special specimen collection and handling procedures

A
  1. Good venipuncture technique must be used
  2. Must be put on ice immediately and analyzed within 20 minutes of venipuncture
  3. Patient must not smoke after midnight for a fasting specimen draw; no smoking in phleb area
  4. Lab area and glassware should be free from ammonia contamination
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15
Q

ESSAY
ammonia
- reference range

A

14-45 micromol/L

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16
Q

The rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood per unit of time

A

Clearance

17
Q

Two factors upon which clearance is dependent

A
  1. Plasma concentration of that substance

2. Ability of kidneys to remove it

18
Q

Two reasons why the creatinine clearance calculation is used to assess glomerular function

A
  1. its production is fairly constant day-to-day

2. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and not secreted by the renal tubules

19
Q

Corrected creatinine clearance formula and what units will it be in?

A

[(UxV)/P] x (1/t) x (1.73/SA)

mL/min

20
Q

Four instructions which should be given to a patient who is collecting a timed urine specimen

A
  1. void into toilet and note the time
  2. collect every urine thereafter until the collection period is over, refrigerating specimen between voids
  3. At the end of collection period, void and include this specimen in collection
  4. Do not include first AND last voids
21
Q

Creatinine excretion formula and what units?

A

[ UCR x TV x (1/1000) x (1/100) ]

- grams/volume

22
Q

What is the usefulness of calculating creatinine excretion in grams/volume

A

If less than 0.5 it is probably an incomplete collection

23
Q

Two compounds that may be used instead of creatinine when a more precise assessment of glomerular function is required

A
  1. Inulin clearance

2. Cystatin C

Chemistry Module 3 (12 decks)

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