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Chemistry Module 3 > T1: Non-Protein Nitrogens and Glomerular Function Tests (PART1) > Flashcards

T1: Non-Protein Nitrogens and Glomerular Function Tests (PART1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four non-protein nitrogen compounds?

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Creatinine
  3. Urea
  4. Uric Acid
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2
Q

ESSAY
Urea
- Two specific sources

A
  1. Detoxification product of ammonia from the urea cycle

2. Product of dietary protein intake

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3
Q

ESSAY
Urea
- Three sites in the nephron where it is filtered, reabsorbed or secreted

A

Filtered: freely filtered in glomerulus
Reabsorbed: PCT
Secreted: loops of Henle

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4
Q

ESSAY
Urea
- Relative usefulness for glomerular function assessment compared to creatinine

A
  • the BEST clinical use of BUN measurements lies with concomitant creatinine measurements
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5
Q

ESSAY
Urea
- two principal diagnostic uses of its measurement

A

Pre renal and post renal azotemia problems

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6
Q

ESSAY
Urea
Reference range

A

8-26 mg/dL

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7
Q

What are 5 factors that affect blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels

A
  1. State of hydration
  2. Renal function
  3. Liver funciona
  4. Amount of protein in diet
  5. Amount of protein breakdown body
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8
Q

What are 5 conditions that increase nitrogen load?

A
  1. Febrile illness
  2. Corticosteroid or tetracycline therapy
  3. Large protein ingestion
  4. GI bleed with blood absorption in gut
  5. Elevated thyroid hormone concentration
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9
Q

What are 4 conditions that decrease nitrogen load?

A
  1. Low protein diet
  2. Increased androgens
  3. Growth hormone
  4. Pregnancy
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10
Q

What test should be analyzed along with BUN in order to obtain the best assessment of renal function

A

Creatinine

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11
Q

What 5 pre-renal causes of azotemia due to decreased blood flow to the kidney and decreased urea filtration

A
  1. Congestive heart failure
  2. Shock
  3. Hemorrhage
  4. Dehydration
  5. Marked decrease in blood volume
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12
Q

What is the one cause of renal azotemia?

A
  1. Renal Failure
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13
Q

What are the 3 causes of postrenal azotemia that cause decreased excretion of urea?

A
  1. Renal lithiasis (stones)
  2. Tumors of the bladder or prostate
  3. Severe infections
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14
Q

ESSAY
Creatine
- three specific sources

A
  1. kidneys
  2. liver
  3. Pancreas
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15
Q

ESSAY
Creatine
- enzyme necessary for conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine

A

Creatine Kinase

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16
Q

ESSAY
Creatinine
- one specific source

A

anhydride byproduct of creatine

17
Q

ESSAY
Creatinine
- renal handling

A

Filtered: freely
Reabsorbed: not reabsorbed by tubules
Excreted: at constant rate with insignificant secretion

18
Q

ESSAY
Creatinine
- three reasons why creatinine’s measurement may be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

A
  1. Freely filtered by glomeruli
  2. Not reabsorbed by tubules
  3. Excreted at constant rate with insignificant secretion
19
Q

ESSAY
Creatinine
- usefulness for detecting early glomerular dysfunction

A
    1. Detect kidney disease (decreases as disease worsens)
      1. Monitor patients with known renal disease
      2. Plan life sustaining therapy for those with end-stage renal disease
      3. Adjust drug dosage for agents excreted by kidney
20
Q

ESSAY
Creatinine
- Reference range for men and women

A

men: 0.9-1.5 mg/dL
women: 0.8-1.2 mg/dL

21
Q

Four clinical uses of GFR calculations

A
  1. Detect kidney disease (decreases as disease worsens)
  2. Monitor patients with known renal disease
  3. Plan life sustaining therapy for those with end-stage renal disease
  4. Adjust drug dosage for agents excreted by kidney
22
Q

What chemical creatinine method has creatinine reacting directly with picrate ions under alkaline conditons to form a red-orange complex?

A

Principle of Jaffe creatinine method

23
Q

Specific reagents used in Jaffe creatinine method

A

alkaline picrate ions

24
Q

Three enzymes used for enzymatic determination of creatinine

A
  1. Creatininase
  2. Creatininase and creatinase
  3. Creatinine iminohydrolase
25
Q

Normal ratio of the BUN : Creatinine ratio

A

12 - 20 : 1

26
Q

Specific cause for a constant ratio of 10:1-15:1 in the BUN:creatinine ratio

A

patient probably has intrinsic renal disease

Chemistry Module 3 (12 decks)

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