T — Skeletal System Flashcards by Laylaaa Not

What is hematopoiesis?
A) The process of oxygen transport in blood
B) The production of cellular components in blood
C) The breakdown of hemoglobin
D) The process of bone formation

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What function does the exoskeleton perform?
A) Protects internal organs and aids in movement
B) Stores calcium in bones and performs hematopoiesis
C) Produces red blood cells in the liver
D) Facilitates muscle contraction

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What provides strength to compact bone?
A) Collagen only
B) Calcium ions only
C) Bone matrix
D) Osteocytes

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Which of the following are organic components of the bone matrix?
A) Collagen, glycoproteins, other peptides
B) Calcium, phosphate, hydroxide ions
C) Osteons and lamellae
D) Sodium, magnesium, phosphorus

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What are hydroxyapatite crystals?
A) Soft tissue structures found in cartilage
B) Hardened inorganic components of bone matrix
C) Specialized cells that form bone tissue
D) The spaces within compact bone where marrow is found

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What minerals are stored in bone?
A) Calcium, potassium, sodium
B) Sodium, magnesium, phosphorus
C) Iron, zinc, chloride
D) Copper, sulfate, bicarbonate

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What are osteons?
A) Bone-forming cells responsible for mineralization
B) Structural units of the bony matrix
C) Small cavities where bone marrow is stored
D) Fluid-filled spaces between bone layers

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What is lamellae?
A) Concentric circles of the bony matrix in each osteon
B) The outermost layer of cartilage
C) A type of connective tissue in joints
D) A region in bone responsible for blood production

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What are Haversian canals?
A) Spaces in bone where osteocytes reside
B) Longitudinal channels in bone
C) Cartilage-producing structures in joints
D) Fluid-filled gaps between bones

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What are Volkmann’s canals?
A) Transverse channels in bone that connect Haversian canals and contain blood vessels
B) Longitudinal channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerve fibers
C) Small pits where osteocytes are located
D) Canals that directly supply nutrients to osteoblasts

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What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone tissue?
a) Breaking down bone tissue.
b) Forming new bone tissue.
c) Maintaining bone tissue.
d) Producing bone marrow.

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What is the main purpose of canaliculi in bone?
a) To house blood vessels.
b) To connect osteocytes and facilitate nutrient and waste exchange.
c) To produce bone matrix.
d) To store calcium.

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What happens during bone resorption?
a) New bone tissue is formed.
b) Bone tissue is broken down, releasing minerals into the bloodstream.
c) Bone tissue is maintained without change.
d) Cartilage is converted into bone.

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Which of the following is true about osteoblasts?
a) They break down bone tissue.
b) They are responsible for bone formation.
c) Their activity leads to decreased bone density.
d) They maintain mature bone tissue.

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What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation?
A) It increases calcium levels in the blood by stimulating osteoclasts
B) It decreases calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
C) It increases calcium levels by promoting bone formation
D) It enhances calcium absorption in the intestines without affecting bones

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What does calcitonin do?
A) Increases calcium levels in the blood by stimulating osteoclasts
B) Decreases calcium levels in the blood by promoting osteoblast activity
C) Enhances calcium absorption in the intestines
D) Prevents calcium loss through the kidneys

What are the physiological effects of too much calcium in the blood?
A) Muscle cramps and convulsions
B) Lethargy, fatigue, memory loss
C) Increased osteoclast activity leading to osteoporosis
D) Increased production of osteoblasts

What are the physiological effects of too little calcium in the blood?
A) Lethargy, fatigue, and memory loss
B) Increased bone density and mineralization
C) Muscle cramps and convulsions
D) Weakening of osteoblast activity

What are the three types of joints?
A) Fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous
B) Compact, spongy, and irregular
C) Tendinous, ligamentous, and bony
D) Haversian, Volkmann’s, and synovial

What connects bones to muscles?
A) Ligaments
B) Cartilage
C) Tendons
D) Fascia

What connects bones to each other?
A) Tendons
B) Ligaments
C) Cartilage
D) Synovial fluid

What connects bones to muscles?
A) Ligaments
B) Cartilage
C) Fascia
D) Tendons

What is articular cartilage?
A) A type of ligament that stabilizes joints
B) A fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
C) Smooth cartilage that lines the surface of bones in a joint
D) The outer covering of long bones

What is arthritis?
A) Inflammation of joints due to overuse
B) A condition that increases bone density
C) A genetic disorder affecting cartilage growth
D) A disorder that leads to muscle hypertrophy

What is endochondral ossification? A) The remodeling of bones after a fracture B) The process of cartilage hardening into bone C) The transformation of mesenchymal tissue into bone D) The replacement of compact bone with spongy bone

What is intramembranous ossification? A) The absorption of bone matrix during remodeling B) The process of lengthening long bones C) The hardening of cartilage into bone D) The transformation of mesenchymal tissue into bone

What is the origin of a muscle? A) The end of the muscle with a smaller attachment to the bone B) The movable part of the muscle C) The end of the muscle with a larger attachment to the bone D) The part of the muscle responsible for contraction

What is the insertion of a muscle? A) The fixed attachment site of a muscle B) The end of the muscle with a smaller attachment to the bone C) The portion of the muscle that generates force D) The area where a tendon attaches to cartilage

What are antagonist pairs in muscles? A) Muscles that only contract during voluntary movement B) Two muscles that contract together for the same movement C) Muscles that work together; one relaxes and the other contracts D) A single muscle that moves in multiple directions

What is a flexor muscle? A) Stabilizes joints without movement B) Controls involuntary contractions C) Increases the angle across a joint D) Decreases the angle across a joint

What is an extensor muscle? A) Moves a part of the body away from the midline B) Increases or straightens the angle across a joint C) Decreases the angle across a joint D) Rotates the limb toward the midline

What is the role of abductor muscles? A) Moves a part of the body towards the midline B) Rotates the limb outward C) Moves a part of the body away from the midline D) Increases joint stability

What is the role of adductor muscles? A) Moves a part of the body towards the midline B) Decreases the angle across a joint C) Rotates the axis of the limb away from the midline D) Facilitates involuntary muscle contractions

What do medial rotators do? A) Rotate the axis of the limb toward the midline B) Extend the angle of a joint C) Move a part of the body away from the midline D) Prevent excessive joint movement

What do lateral rotators do? A) Rotate the axis of the limb away from the midline B) Stabilize joints without movement C) Increase muscle length during contraction D) Flex a joint to decrease its angle

How are long bones formed? A) Chondrocytes divide and make collagen, and calcium phosphate attaches to collagen to form hard bone B) Osteocytes transform directly into cartilage C) Bone marrow produces calcium, which hardens connective tissue D) Ligaments calcify and form bony structures

What are chondrocytes? A) Cells that break down bone tissue B) Cells that produce cartilage C) Cells that maintain bone density D) Cells that generate muscle contractions

Where is red bone marrow primarily found? A) In compact bone B) In spongy bone C) In the periosteum D) In the Haversian canals

What are the two structural regions of long bones? A) Compact bone (outer) and trabecular bone (inner) B) Spongy bone (outer) and cortical bone (inner) C) Periosteum (outer) and Haversian bone (inner) D) Cartilage (outer) and dense bone (inner)