Skeletal System

Question 1

Hematopoieses

Answer 1

Production of the cellular components in our blood (rbc, wbc, platelets)

Question 2

What does exoskeleton do?

Answer 2

Stores calcium in bones and performs hematopoiesis

Question 3

What gives strength to the compact bone?

Answer 3

Bone matrix
ps: Bone matrix contains organic and inorganic components necessary for strong bones.

Question 4

What are the organic components of the bone matrix?

Answer 4

Collagen, glycoproteins, other peptides
ps: These components contribute to the tensile strength of the bone.

Question 5

What are the inorganic components of the bone matrix?

Answer 5

Calcium, phosphate, hydroxide ions
These components are essential for the hardness of bones.

Question 6

What are hydroxyapatite crystals?

Answer 6

They are formed when inorganic components in the bone matrix harden

Hydroxyapatite is crucial for bone strength.

Question 7

What minerals are stored in bone?

Answer 7

Sodium, magnesium, phosphorus

These minerals play various roles in body functions.

Question 8

What are osteons?

Answer 8

Structural units of the bony matrix

Osteons are also known as Haversian systems.

Question 9

What is lamellae?

Answer 9

Concentric circles of the bony matrix in each osteon

Lamellae surround a central microscopic channel.

Question 10

What are Haversian canals?

Answer 10

Longitudinal channels in bone

They contain blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph vessels.

Question 11

What are Volkmann’s canals?

Answer 11

Transverse channels in bone

These canals connect Haversian canals and also contain blood vessels.

Question 12

What are osteocytes?

Answer 12

Mature bone cells found in lacunae

Osteocytes are responsible for bone maintenance.

Question 13

What are canaliculi?

Answer 13

Tiny channels that connect lacunae

They allow for nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes and canals.

Question 14

What is bone resorption?

Answer 14

Breaking down of bone tissue and its minerals

It releases minerals into the bloodstream.

Question 15

What role do osteoblasts play in bone remodeling?

Answer 15

They are responsible for bone formation

Excessive activity can lead to osteoporosis.

Question 16

What is the function of parathyroid hormone in calcium regulation?

Answer 16

It increases calcium levels in the blood

This results in more osteoclast activity.

Question 17

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 17

Decreases calcium levels in the blood

This promotes more osteoblast activity.

Question 18

What are the physiological effects of too much calcium in the blood?

Answer 18

Lethargy, fatigue, memory loss

High calcium levels can negatively affect the nervous system.

Question 19

What are the physiological effects of too little calcium in the blood?

Answer 19

Muscle cramps, convulsions

Low calcium levels can lead to neuromuscular issues.

Question 20

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 20

• Fibrous/synarthroses
• Cartilaginous/amphiarthroses
• Synovial

Each type has distinct structural and functional characteristics.

Question 21

What connects bones to muscles?

Answer 21

Tendons

Tendons facilitate movement by transmitting forces from muscles to bones.

Question 22

What connects bones to each other?

Answer 22

Ligaments

Ligaments provide stability to joints.

Question 23

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 23

Smooth cartilage that lines the surface of bones in a joint

It reduces friction and absorbs shock.

Question 24

What is arthritis?

Answer 24

Inflammation of joints due to overuse

It leads to destruction of articular cartilage.

Question 25

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 25

Process of cartilage getting hardened into bone ## Footnote This is how most long bones are formed.

Question 26

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 26

Transformation of mesenchymal tissue into bone ## Footnote Occurs in the skull.

Question 27

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 27

The end of the muscle with a larger attachment to the bone ## Footnote It typically remains stationary during muscle contraction.

Question 28

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 28

The end of the muscle with a smaller attachment to the bone ## Footnote It usually moves during muscle contraction.

Question 29

What are antagonist pairs in muscles?

Answer 29

Muscles that work together; one relaxes and the other contracts ## Footnote Example: Biceps contract while triceps relax.

Question 30

What is a flexor muscle?

Answer 30

Decreases the angle across a joint ## Footnote Flexors are responsible for bending movements.

Question 31

What is an extensor muscle?

Answer 31

Increases or straightens the angle across a joint ## Footnote Extensors are responsible for straightening movements.

Question 32

What is the role of abductor muscles?

Answer 32

Moves a part of the body away from the midline ## Footnote Abductors are important for lateral movements.

Question 33

What is the role of adductor muscles?

Answer 33

Moves a part of the body towards the midline ## Footnote Adductors help in bringing limbs closer to the body.

Question 34

What do medial rotators do?

Answer 34

Rotate the axis of the limbs towards the midline ## Footnote They are important for stabilizing movements.

Question 35

What do lateral rotators do?

Answer 35

Rotate the axis of the limb away from the midline ## Footnote They assist in outward movements.

Question 36

how are long bones formed?

Answer 36

chrondocytes divide and make collagen Calcium phosphate attaches to collagen and forms hard bone

Question 37

chrondocytes

Answer 37

cartilage producing cells

Question 38

Where do the action potentials propagate?

Answer 38

Sarcolemma