Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

To Revise > T&O > Flashcards

T&O Flashcards

1
Q

Gustillo’s classification of open fractures

A

1 wound <1cm
2 wound >1cm with minimal soft tissue damage
3 extensive soft tissue damage
3a adequate coverage
3b inadequate coverage
3c neurovascular compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most dangerous complication of open fracture

A

Clostridium perfringes - wound infection leading to gas gangrene, shock, renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rx of clostridium perfringes infection

A

Debride
Abx - benpen + clindamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Immediate, early and late complications of fractures

A

Immediate - neurovascular compromise
Early - infection, compartment syndrome, fat embolism
Late - malunion, AVN, post traumatic OA, complex regional pain syndromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What palsy can result from anterior shoulder dislocation and signs

A

Axillary nerve damage
Regimental patch numbness
Impaired abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Palsy as a result of a humeral shaft fracture and signs

A

Radial nerve - wrist drop (unopposed flexion), sensory loss to dorsal surface of lateral 3 and a half digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which fractures are most commonly associated with compartment syndrome

A

tibial fractures
supracondylar fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

displacement of the lateral and medial fragments in a clavicular fracture and why

A

medial fragment displaces superiorly bc of SCM pulling and lateral goes inferior with the weight of the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1 which 3rd of the clavicle is most commonly fractured
2 Which 3rd of the clavicle if fractured is most unstable

A

1middle third
2 lateral third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which nerves are at risk in a clavicular fracture

A

brachial plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rx of a clavicular fracture. How long to heal

A

medical - sling immobilisation, analgesia, physio.
Surgery

4-6 week healing time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Risk factors for fracture non union or malunion

A

comminuted
displaced
older people
smoker
overweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RF for rotator cuff tears

A

older
repetitive overhead shoulder motions
overuse
DM
Smokers
Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuffs

A

Supraspinatous
Infraspinatous
Subscapularis
Teres minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examination findings in rotator cuff tears

A

Unable to do empty can test - (supraspinatous)
Pain on resistance when externally rotate arm 90 degrees (infraspinatous)
Tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is adhesive capsulitis and risk factors for it

A

Frozen shoulder. inflammation of joint causing thickening, fibrosis and adherence of capsule

DM
Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examination findings in adhesive capsulitis

A

symmetric loss of active and passive ROM
pain throughout movement
Might get stuck with pain radiating down biceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood investigations that might be done for adhesive capsulitis. Think associated conditions

A

HbA1C
TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rx of adhesive capsulitis

A

PT, NSAIDs, Intra articular steroid injections

Surgery if doesn’t help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who is subacromial impingement common in
Sx
What is the treatment

A

U25s - active individuals or in manual labour
Pain anterolaterally
Conservative +/- steroid injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RF for humeral shaft fractures

A

High energy trauma
Osteoporosis and older age
Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Main complication to be aware of for humeral fracture and the sx/signs of this

A

Radial nerve injury
- Weakness in wrist extension
- reduced sensation of dorsal 1st webspace

Typically no loss of elbow extension as this part of the nerve comes off before the radial groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cause of an anterior shoulder dislocation ie what position is the arm in when force is applied

A

extended, abducted and externally rotated humerus

24
Q

What usually causes a posterior shoulder dislocation

A

seizures or electrocution

25
Q

Which nerves may become compromised in shoulder dislocations

A

axillary
suprascapular

26
Q

Other injuries that may be concurrent with a shoulder dislocation

A

Hill sachs - impaction on humeral head
Bankarts - impaction on glenoid
Rotator cuff injuries

27
Q

What sign on X-ray indicates a posterior dislocation. And which view is this visible in

A

light bulb sign
Y view

28
Q

what is a common cause of b/l carpal tunnel syndrome

A

RA

29
Q

Surgical rx of NOFs:
Extracapsular (subtrochanteric and intertrochanteric)
Intracapsular (displaced and undisplaced)

A

Extracapsular subtrochanteric - inter medullary nail
Extracapsular intertrochanteric - DHS
Intracapsular displaced - Total or semi arthroplasty. Total preferred if person independent and fit
Intracapsular undisplaced - internal fixation

30
Q

Examination sign of a NOF

A

Externally rotated shortened leg

31
Q

SALTER Harris classification of pads fractures

A

1 Straight - through the physics only
2 Above - through physics and metaphysics
3 Lower - through physics and epiphysis
4 Through - physis, epiphysis and metaphysis
5 ER - Erasure or cRush injury

32
Q

OA vs RA on xray

A

OA - LOSS
loss of joint space
osteophytes
subchondral sclerosis
subchondral cysts

RA LESS
Loss of joint space
Erosions
Subluxation
Soft bones (osteopenia)

33
Q

imaging modality of choice for osteomyelitis

A

MRI

34
Q

what movements of the wrist is medial epicondylitis (golfers elbow) exacerbated by

A

wrist flexion and pronation

35
Q

what meds are first line for lower back pain

A

NSAIDs

36
Q

signs of compartment syndrome

A

parasthesia
pain - worse when doing passive movements
trauma to the limb
normal x ray findings

37
Q

imaging for supraspinatous tendinitis

A

none - clinical diagnosis

38
Q

imaging choice for suspected c spine fracture

A

ct neck

39
Q

how long is abx course for septic arthritis usually

A

2 weeks IV followed by another 4 weeks oral
Tends to be fluclox or clindamycin if pen allergy

40
Q

kocher criteria for septic arthritis

A

unable to weightbear
raised ESR
raised WCC
fever >38.5

41
Q

most common organism causing septic arthritis in adults and in children

A

staph aureus
haem influenzae in children

42
Q

most common organism causing septic arthritis in adults and in children

A

staph aureus
haem influenzae in children

43
Q

causes of septic arthritis

A

haematogonous spread - accesses, wounds disseminated infection eg gonorrhoea

direct - joint injections, joint surgery, penetrating injuries

44
Q

rf for septic arthritis

A

RA, SLE, prosthetic joints, IVDU, diabetes, immunosuppression

45
Q

why are people with RA/SLE more at risk of septic arthritis (pathophys)

A

inflammation - neovascularisation - bacteria spread from distant sites - reduced joint defence leads to rapid colonisation

46
Q

synovial fluid appearance in septic arthritis

A

yellow/green, turbid

47
Q

complications of septic arthritis

A

joint damage
osteomyelitis
sepsis

48
Q

Ix of choice for osteomyelitis

A

MRI

49
Q

commonest causes of rotator cuff tears

A

chronic overuse
acute trauma
degeneration

50
Q

presentation of subacromial impingement syndrome
what group of people

A

<25 - active
anterior shoulder pain, painful at 60-120 degrees
worse at night and at rest

51
Q

presentation of rotator cuff tears
what group of people

A

40-70 yrs
lateral pain, particularly over greater tubercle
Can not lift arm above 90 degrees

52
Q

what examination tests
- supraspinatous
- infraspinatous
- subscapularis

A

s - empty can test
i - weakness or pain on resisted external rotation
su - weakness when lifting hand against resistance from small of back

53
Q

ix that can be done for rotator issues, when would they be done

A

USS or MRI - if other treatment hasn’t worked first

54
Q

ddx of rotator cuff tear

A

SAIS, adhesive capsulitis, inflammatory arthritis, acromioclavicular OA

55
Q
A

To Revise (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions