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To Revise > Opthalm > Flashcards

Opthalm Flashcards

1
Q

Presentation of herpes keratitis and its complications

A

acutely painful red eye, vesicles, photophobia, reduced visual acuity, foreign body sensation

Complications - corneal scarring, meningitis, encephalitis, corneal perforation

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1
Q

differentiating between episcleritis and scleritis

A

scleritis is painful, episcleritis is not

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2
Q

rf of acute angle glaucoma

A

hypermetropia - long sighted
long term steroid use
fix
increasing age

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3
Q

presentation of acute angle glaucoma

A

severe pain
reduced visual acuity
peripheral visual loss
fixed mid dilated pupil
dull hazy cornea
see halos around lights

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4
Q

Initial rx of AAG and definitive rx

A

TAP
Timolol
Pilocarpine - reduce uveoscleral flow
Intravitreous acetozolamide

Laser iridotomy

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5
Q

ix of AAG

A

tonometry (eg goldman application) and goinoscopy (slit lamp)
plus visual acuity and visual fields examination

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6
Q

rf for ARMD

A

smoking
increasing age
FHX
hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes

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7
Q

Wet vs Dry ARMD

A

wet subacute, characterised by choroidal neovascularisation
dry more gradual. Characterised by drusen

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8
Q

presentation of ARMD

A

central scotoma - may have charles bonnet hallucinations
line distortion
poor night time vision
reduced visual acuity

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9
Q

Ix for ARMD

A

slit lamp/ fundoscopy
OCT

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10
Q

Rx of
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD

A

Dry - lifestyle - no smoking, control BP. Give Vitamins ACE and zinc
Wet - anti-VEGF injections. Can do laser photocoagulation but anti-VEGF preferred

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11
Q

Presentation of anterior uveitis

A

acutely painful red eye
photophobia
lacrimation
small irregular pupil
hypopyon

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12
Q

diseases associated with anterior uveitis

A

Crohns and UC
ankylosing spondylitis
sarcoidosis

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13
Q

Rx of anterior uveitis

A

urgent referral to opthalm
steroid eye drops and dilating eye drops (cycloplegics)

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14
Q

presentation of blepharitis

A

bilateral
grittiness and discomfort, particularly around the eyelid margins
eyes may be sticky in the morning
eyelid margins may be red. Swollen eyelids may be seen in staphylococcal blepharitis
styes and chalazions

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15
Q

rx of blepharitis

A

hot compress
eye hygiene - cooled boiled water

16
Q

RF for cataracts

A

Smoking
Increased alcohol consumption
Trauma
Diabetes mellitus
Long-term corticosteroids
Radiation exposure

17
Q

Ix of cataracts

A

Red light reflex
fundoscopy

18
Q

Complications of phacoemulsification

A

Posterior capsule opacification (thickening of the lens capsule)
Retinal detachment
Posterior capsule rupture
Endophthalmitis:

19
Q

fundoscopy sign of central retinal artery occlusion

A

pale retina and cherry red spot

20
Q

Features of CRVO

A

painless sudden loss of vision
usually unilateral

21
Q

fundoscopy in CRVO

A

widespread hyperaemia
severe retinal haemorrhage - stormy sunset

22
Q

Rx of CRVO

A

anti VEGF or laser photocoagulation

23
Q

Rx of corneal abrasions

A

topical abx recommended to prevent infection

24
Q

Classifications of diabetic retinopathy

A

Non proliferative:
- mild - micro aneurysms
- moderate - micro aneurysms, blot haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates
- severe - all above + IRMA

Proliferative - neovascularisation,

25
Q

Rx of diabetic retinopathy based on classification

A

All - glycemic control and BP. Regular opthalm review

NPDR - regular observation. If severe pan retinal photocoagulation

PDR - pan retinal photocoagulation and anti-VEGF

26
Q

Complications of pan retinal photocoagulation

A

50% notice reduction in visual fields
Worsening night time vision

27
Q

causes of horners syndrome

A

stroke, syringomyelia, MS
Pancoast tumours, thyroidectomy
carotid artery dissection
carotid artery aneurysm,
cavernous sinus thrombosis
cluster headaches

28
Q

Keith Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy

A

1 arteriolar narrowing and silver wiring
2 arteriovenous nipping
3 cotton wool exudates, flame and blot haemorrhages
4 papilloedema

29
Q

preseptal vs orbital cellulitis

A

educed visual acuity, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia/pain with eye movements are NOT consistent with preseptal cellulitis

30
Q

Ix of orbital cellulitis

A

CT contrast, FBC, blood culture and swabs

31
Q

rx of orbital cellulitis

A

Admission for IV antibiotics

32
Q

rx of open angle glaucoma

A

offer laser trabeculoplasty
latanoprost
timolol,
brimonidine
pilocarpine,

33
Q

how do beta blockers work in OAG
what about prostaglandins and motifs

A

beta blockers - reduce aqueous production
prostaglandins and miotics - increase uveosacral outflow

34
Q

2 main causes of RAPD

A

optic neuritis
retinal detachment

35
Q

rf for retinal detachment

A

diabetes
myopia
age
prev ocular surgery
eye trauma eg boxing

36
Q

features of retinal detachment

A

sudden painless and progressive vision loss
new onset flashes and floaters
reduced visual fields
rapd

37
Q

examination for a squint

A

cover test
H test movements for diplopia

38
Q
A

To Revise (29 decks)

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