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Immunology > T cells 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

T cells 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Tk cells do?

A

kill other cells

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2
Q

What do Th cells do?

A

help other cells

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3
Q

Where are T cells made?

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

in the thymus (T for thymus)

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5
Q

T/F: T cells circulate in the blood and lymph.

A

true

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6
Q

T/F: T cells cannot enter tissue

A

false; they can

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7
Q

What are the antibody like receptors on the surface of T cells called?

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

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8
Q

What do TCRs specialize in?

A

recognizing protein antigens presented by MHCs (this means the antigen is a peptide)

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9
Q

T/F: there are about 300 million T cells in the body on average.

A

False; 300 billion, with a B.

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10
Q

What are killer T cells also called?

A

cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

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11
Q

How are killer T cells activated?

A

by MHC I being presented on cells

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12
Q

T/F: most cells in the body can present antigens to CTLs via MHC class II molescules.

A

False; should say MHC I molecules

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13
Q

What connects to the target cell and triggers it to commit suicide killing the cell and the virus inside it?

A

Killer T cells/CTLs

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14
Q

What activates Helper T cells (Th)?

A

MHC II on Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

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15
Q

What is secreted by Helper T cells?

A

cytokines IL-2 and IFN-y (interferon gamma)

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16
Q

What kind of cells keep the immune system from overreacting?

A

Regulatory T cells

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17
Q

T/F: regulatory T cells are probably the one part of the immune system that we know the most about.

A

False; much is still unknown about regulatory T cells

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18
Q

T/F helper T cells do not require activation to perform their function.

A

False; both helper and killer T cells require activation

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19
Q

What kind of cells help Helper T cells?

A

APCs (activated dendritic macrophage and B cells)

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20
Q

What must a TCR recognize in order to be activated?

A

cognate antigen

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21
Q

What must the Co-receptor recognize in order for activation to occur?

A

MHC (either I or II)

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22
Q

What happens during Co-stimulation?

A

other receptors recognize other molecules (besides for cognate antigens and MHCs)

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23
Q

T/F: more is known about Helper T cell activation than Killer T cell activation.

A

True (think alphabetical order)

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24
Q

What happens to T cells that see “self” being presented by other cells?

A

These die. T cells that would kill self need to go away.

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25
Q

How are T cells anergized?

A

When T cells recognize self antigen, but do not get co-stimulated they will be rendered inactive or anergized.

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26
Q

What happens to a T cell that sees non-self and gets co-stimulated?

A

activation

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27
Q

What happens when a TCR recognizes MHC plus self peptides?

A

T cell commits suicide (apoptosis)

28
Q

What happens when TCR recognizes cognate antigen on MHC with no co-stimulation?

A

T cell is anergized (inactivated)

29
Q

What happens when TCR recognizes cognate antigen on MHC plus co-stimulation?

A

T cell is activated

30
Q

T/F: T cells recognize MHC I and/or MHC II molecules.

A

False; T cells only recognize peptides presented by MHC molecules

31
Q

T/F: TCRs are more diverse than BCRs.

A

False; BCRs are more diverse

32
Q

T/F: All TCRs on mature T cells are identical except for a few exceptions.

A

True

33
Q

What are the two types of TCRs?

A

traditional (alpha beta) ad non-traditional (gamma delta)

34
Q

T/F:about 95% of TCRs are alpha beta TCRs.

A

True; the other 5% are gamma delta)

35
Q

What is the name given to the group of signaling proteins?

A

CD3

36
Q

What kind of receptors are expressed by non-traditional T cells?

A

gamma delta receptors

37
Q

Where are non-traditonal T cells most abundant?

A

in the intestine, uterus and tongue

38
Q

T/F: non-traditional T cells have more diversity than the alpha beta receptors (traditional T cells).

A

False; they less diversity

39
Q

T/F: non-traditional T cells are more effective at recognizing protein fragments from invaders.

A

True, at least around the intestine uterus and tongue they are

40
Q

T/F: more is known about non-traditional T cells than the traditional T cells.

A

False; less is known about non-traditonal Tcells

41
Q

Why are TCR proteins important for actviation?

A

antigen recognition

42
Q

Why are co-receptor proteins (CD4 or CD8) needed for activation?

A

MHC recognition

43
Q

What co-stimulatory molecules are needed for activation?

A

B7 proteins on APCs

44
Q

Why are CD3/CD4 proteins needed for activation?

A

for signaling

45
Q

Why is CD28 on Tcells important for activation?

A

co-stimulation and signaling

46
Q

Where is the T cell co-receptor CD4 usually expressed?

A

on helper T cells

47
Q

What kind of molecule does CD4 attach the TCR to?

A

MHC II molecules

48
Q

Where is the T cell co-receptor usually expressed?

A

on Killer T cells (CTLs)

49
Q

What kind of molecules does CD8 attach the TCR to?

A

MHC I molecules

50
Q

T/F: CD8 signals “likely to help”

A

False; this is what CD4 signals, CD8 signals “likely to kill”

51
Q

T/F: Without the co-receptor, the T cell would not know if an APC is presenting protein fragments and needs help (helper T) or if an APC is infected and need to be killed (killer T)

A

True

52
Q

T/F: MHC I molecules are eaten by the APC.

A

False; this is true of MHC II molecules

53
Q

T/F: MHC I molecules are peptides being made in the cell.

A

True

54
Q

What is implied by the CD8 co-receptor?

A

MHC I

55
Q

What is implied by the CD4 co-receptor?

A

MHC II

56
Q

T/F: CTLs bind to kill.

A

True

57
Q

What do B cells, Dendritic cells, and macrophages have in common?

A

These are all APCs

58
Q

MHC presents the antigen (peptide) which is recognized by the TCR. What recognizes the MHC? And what sends a signal of this to the nucleus of the T cell?

A

co-receptor; CD3

59
Q

T/F: B7 is a receptor molecule on the T cell. When activated, it amplifies the signal and lowers the number of TCR crosslinks needed for activation.

A

False; this is true of CD28; B7 is a co-stimulatory molecule expressed on the surface of APCs.

60
Q

What does the combination of co-stimulation molecules depend upon?

A

the pathogen and the area of the body (regional identity)

61
Q

T/F: the connection between the receptor and the nucleus of naiive T cells is weak.

A

true; activation with co-stim creates a better connection.

62
Q

Once T cells are activated by co-stimulation, many more cholesterol lipid rafts form. What do these lipid rafts contain?

A

large numbers of signaling molecules

63
Q

T/F: experienced T cells have few rafts.

A

False; experienced T cells have many, naive T cells have few.

64
Q

What is the benefit of Experienced T cells maintaining the lipid rafts?

A

they don’t need co-stim for reactivation

65
Q

What is easier, Reactivation or co stimulation?

A

reactivation because the raft has formed

66
Q

Dendritic cells may first activate T cells in a lymph node. What re-stimulates/activates T cells once they reach the battle site?

A

Macrophages

Immunology (6 decks)

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